EGO | People , Places , Peges

Edit Page

Title

Url

Content

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" class="en text article">
	<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
		<meta http-equiv="Access-Control-Allow-Origin" content="*">
		<meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="upgrade-insecure-requests">
		<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/img/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
		<link rel="icon" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/img/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
		<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/img/apple-touch-icon.png">
		
    
    <link rel="schema.DC" href="https://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
    <link rel="schema.DCTERMS" href="https://purl.org/dc/terms/"> 
  	<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
		
		<meta http-equiv="content-language" content="de">
		
    <meta name="description" content="The transfer of legal norms is a distinct feature of European legal history. There has been mutual influence of legal norms across national and linguistic borders in all legal areas. This process was shaped by political and cultural trends as well as legal necessity. Besides transfers for national policy reasons and those tied to legal culture and legal policy, this article addresses the return transfer of legal norms and developments in judicial and constitutional law."><meta name="copyright" content="IEG Mainz">
    
    <meta name="google-site-verification" content="MJGOUQy7My8Aecc8deyTY6HwXqOTYaGiuYJT_gKFf2Y">
    <meta property="fb:admins" content="100001928375895">
    <meta property="og:site_name" content="EGO | Europ&#228;ische Geschichte Online"> 
    <meta property="og:type" content="article"> 
    <meta property="og:email" content="egoredaktion@ieg-mainz.de">
    <meta property="og:phone_number" content="+49 6131 39 393 50">
    <meta property="og:fax_number" content="+49 6131 39 353 26">
    <link rel="alternate" href="https://twitter.com/statuses/user_timeline/234792826.rss" title="Tweets von EGO bei Twitter.com" type="application/rss+xml">
    <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="EGO" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/egosearch.xml">
		
		
		<meta name="application-url" content="https://www.ieg-ego.eu">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://code.jquery.com/ui/1.9.1/themes/base/jquery-ui.css">
		<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
		<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.9.1/jquery-ui.min.js"></script>
		<script src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/js/css_browser_selector.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
		<script src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/js/flowplayer-3.2.4.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/js/carousel.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
		<link rel="Stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/css/screen.css" media="screen, projection"> 
		<link rel="Stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/css/print.css" media="print">
    <link rel="Stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/css/carousel.css" media="screen, projection"> 
		<title>Transfer of European legal norms &#8212; EGO </title>
	<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de)"><meta name="DC.Title" content="Transfer of European legal norms"><meta name="DC.Source" content="EGO(http://www.ieg-ego.eu)"><meta name="DC.Date.Issued" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CTDF" content="2021-12-07"><meta name="DC.Identifier" scheme="DCTERMS.URI" content="WorldCathttp://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1287670489"><meta name="DC.Rights" content="All rights reserved"><meta name="DC.Description" content="The transfer of legal norms is a distinct feature of European legal history. There has been mutual influence of legal norms across national and linguistic borders in all legal areas. This process was shaped by political and cultural trends as well as legal necessity. Besides transfers for national policy reasons and those tied to legal culture and legal policy, this article addresses the return transfer of legal norms and developments in judicial and constitutional law."><meta name="DC.Identifier" scheme="DCTERMS.URI" content="urn:nbn:de:0159-2021120607"><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" scheme="DCMIType"><meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" scheme="IMT"><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de)"><meta name="generator" content="Plone - http://plone.com"></head>
	<body>
		<iframe id="manifest_iframe_hack" style="display: none;" src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/temporary_manifest_hack.html">
		</iframe> 
		<div id="wrapper" class="container container_9">
		<div id="header" class="grid_9">
			<ul id="topmenu" class="smalltype">
				<li class="first">
					<a href="/en/ego">About EGO</a>
				</li>
				<li>
					<a href="/en/ego/contact">Contact</a>
				</li>
				<li>
					<a href="/en/ego/impressum">Legal Details</a>
				</li>
				<li class="last">
					<a href="/en/ego/privacy">Privacy</a>
				</li>
			</ul>
			<ul id="languageselect" class="smalltype">
				<li class="first"><a href="/braunederw-2017b-de?set_language=de&amp;-C=" title="Deutsch">Deutsch</a> |</li>
				<li class="last">English</li>
			</ul>
			<h1 id="sitelogo">
                <a href="/" title="Back to Homepage">
                    <img src="/_theme/img/EGO_logotype_en.png" width="174" height="43" alt="EGO - European History Online">
                </a>
            </h1>
			<ul id="mainmenu">
                <li class="first top">Thread<span class="arrowdown">&#9662;</span>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/theories-and-methods">Theories and Methods</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/backgrounds">Backgrounds</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/crossroads">Crossroads</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes">Models and Stereotypes</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/europe-on-the-road">Europe on the Road</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/european-media">European Media</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/european-networks">European Networks</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/transnational-movements-and-organisations">Transnational Movements and Organisations</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/alliances-and-wars">Alliances and Wars</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/europe-and-the-world">Europe and the World</a></li>
					</ul>
				</li>
                <li class="top">Area<span class="arrowdown">&#9662;</span>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=1&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending" title="area included in the basins of the Danube, Elbe, and Rhine rivers">Central Europe</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=0&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending" title="Albania, Bulgaria, European part of Turkey, Yugoslavia">Balkan Peninsula</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=5&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending" title="region extending from the western borders of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia eastward to the Ural Mountains">Eastern Europe</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=2&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending" title="Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, &#197;land, the Faroe Islands, Jan Mayen and Svalbard, the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania)">Northern Europe</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=4&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending" title="the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Great Britain, Ireland">Western Europe</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=3&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending" title="Iberian Peninsula, Italian Peninsula, Southern Balkan Peninsula, Mediterranean States (Malta, Cyprus)">Southern Europe</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=6&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Non-European World</a></li>
					</ul>
				</li>
                <li class="top">Topic<span class="arrowdown">&#9662;</span>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=0&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Education, Sciences</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=1&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Arts</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=2&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Social Matters, Society</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=3&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Politics</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=4&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Law, Constitution</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=5&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Religion</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=11&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Military</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=6&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Migration, Travel</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=7&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Media, Communication</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=8&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Agents, Intermediaries</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=9&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Theory, Methodology</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=10&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Economy, Technology</a></li>
					</ul>
				</li>
				<li class="last top">Time<span class="arrowdown">&#9662;</span>
					<ul>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=1450+OR+1460+OR+1470+OR+1480+OR+1490&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">15th Century</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=1500+OR+1510+OR+1520+OR+1530+OR+1540+OR+1550+OR+1560+OR+1570+OR+1580+OR+1590&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">16th Century</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=1600+OR+1610+OR+1620+OR+1630+OR+1640+OR+1650+OR+1660+OR+1670+OR+1680+OR+1690&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">17th Century</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=1700+OR+1710+OR+1720+OR+1730+OR+1740+OR+1750+OR+1760+OR+1770+OR+1780+OR+1790&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">18th Century</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=1800+OR+1810+OR+1820+OR+1830+OR+1840+OR+1850+OR+1860+OR+1870+OR+1880+OR+1890&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">19th Century</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=1900+OR+1910+OR+1920+OR+1930+OR+1940+OR+1950+OR+1960+OR+1970+OR+1980+OR+1990&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">20th Century</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=2000+OR+2010&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">21st Century</a></li>
					</ul>
				</li>
			</ul>
			<div id="quicksearch">
                <form method="get" action="/search">
                    <fieldset>
                        <input id="qs_query" class="searchPage" type="text" name="SearchableText" data-alt="Search" value="Search"><input class="submit" type="submit" name="submit" value=" ">
                        <input type="hidden" name="portal_type" value="Site">
                        <input type="hidden" name="Title" value="freigabe">
                        <input type="hidden" name="set_language" value="en">
                    </fieldset>
                </form>
				<p><a id="advancedsearch" class="smalltype" href="/advanced_search?set_language=en">Advanced Search</a></p>
			</div>
        </div> 
		<div class="clear">&#160;</div>
		<div id="main">
			<div id="side" class="grid_2 hyphenate">
				
			<ul id="threadnavigation" class="navTree navTreeLevel0">
                <li class="navTreeItem navTreeTopNode nav-section-europe-and-the-world">
                    <p>
                        <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world" title="" class="contenttype-folder">
                            
                            <span>Europe and the World</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    <ul>

<span>Argentinischer Tango</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-doris-gruber-europeans-encounter-the-world-in">

<span>Travelogues</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>

</ul>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-colonialism-and-imperialism">

<span>Colonialism and Imperialism</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-economic-relations">

<span>Economic Relations</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                        <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel1">

<span>East India Companies</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-rita-aldenhoff-huebinger-landwirtschaft-im">

<span>Landwirtschaft</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>

</ul>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-european-encounters">

<span>European Encounters</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                        <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel1">

<span>Colonial Exhibitions and 'V&#246;lkerschauen'</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-oriental-despotism-oriental-despotism-be-freigabe">

<span>Oriental Despotism</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>

</ul>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeItemInPath selected expanded navTreeFolderish section-european-overseas-rule">

<span>European Overseas Rule</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                        <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel1">

<span>Colonial Law</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-fabian-klose-decolonization-and-revolution">

<span>Decolonization and Revolution</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-richard-potz-islamic-law-and-the-transfer-of">

<span>Islamic Law and Transfer of Law</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-michael-sievernich-mission-colonialism-and">

<span>Mission, colonialism, and changing values</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-christoph-marx-settler-colonies">

<span>Settler Colonies</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeCurrentNode selected expanded this navTreeFolderish section-transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen">

<span>Transfer of European legal norms</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                        <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel2">

<span>Rechtsnormen nach Japan</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>

</ul>
                    
                
            </li>

</ul>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-europes-fascination-with-china-17th-18th-century">

<span>Fascination with China</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-knowledge-transfer">

<span>Knowledge Transfer</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                        <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel1">

<span>Global Health</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-martin-dinges-homoeopathie">

<span>Hom&#246;opathie</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-martin-aust-russia-and-europe-1547-1917">

<span>Russia and Europe (1547&#8211;1917)</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>

</ul>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-mission">

<span>Mission</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                        <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel1">

<span>Catholic Mission</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-protestant-mission">

<span>Protestant Mission</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                        <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel2">

<span>Tranquebarmission</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>

</ul>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-ciprian-burlacioiu-orthodox-mission">

<span>Orthodox Mission</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>

</ul>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-model-america">

<span>Model America</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                        <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel1">

<span>Americanisation of the Economy</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-thomas-raithel-amerika-als-herausforderung-in">

<span>"Amerika" in Deutschland und Frankreich</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-us-film-in-europa-us-film-in-europa-be">

<span>US-Film in Europa</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>

</ul>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-postcolonial-studies">

<span>Postcolonial Studies</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-racism">

<span>Racism</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>
        
            <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-transport-and-travel">

<span>Transport and Travel*</span>
                        </a>
                    </p>
                    
                
            </li>

</ul>
                </li>
            </ul>
        </div>
			<div id="content" class="grid_5">
	<h1><span id="parent-fieldname-title" class="hyphenate">Transfer of European legal norms</span></h1>
	<div class="documentByLine" id="document-byline">
    <span class="property documentAuthor">
			<span class="de">von </span>
			<span class="en">by </span>
    Wilhelm Brauneder<span></span></span>
		<span class="property documentLanguage"><span class="de">Original auf</span><span class="en">Original in</span> <span id="originallanguage_top">German</span>,
		<span class="de">angezeigt auf</span><span class="en">displayed in</span> <span id="articlelangselector"><a href="" id="articlelanguage_top">English</a><ul id="avllist"><li><a href="/braunederw-2017b-de"><span class="languagename_short">de</span><span class="languagename"><span class="de">Deutsch</span><span class="en">German</span></span></a></li><li><a href="/braunederw-2017b-en"><span class="languagename_short">en</span><span class="languagename"><span class="de">Englisch</span><span class="en">English</span></span></a></li></ul></span><span class="arrowdown">&#9662;</span></span>
 		<br>
  	<span class="documentModified">
			<span class="en">Published</span><span class="de">Erschienen</span>: 
			<span id="dateselector">
				<span id="publicationsdate_top" href="#">2021-12-07</span>
				<ul id="datelist" class="select-popup"></ul>
			</span>
		</span> 
		<a class="printthis" onclick="window.print(); return false;" href="#">
			<img class="en" src="/_theme/img/print_12x12.png" alt="Print" title="Print">
			<img class="de" src="/_theme/img/print_12x12.png" alt="Drucken" title="Drucken">
		</a>
  	
  	<span id="emailauthorlink"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/author/braunederw"><img class="en" alt="E-mail" src="/_theme/img/mail_12x12.png" title="E-mail the author"><img class="de" alt="E-mail" src="/_theme/img/mail_12x12.png" title="E-Mail an den Autor"></a>
		</span>
  	<a id="dcexport" class="xmlexport link-trailing-slash" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen/wilhelm-brauneder-transfer-of-european-legal-norms/dcexport"><img class="en" src="/_theme/img/xml_12x12.png" alt="XML Metadata" title="save metadata as XML"><img class="de" src="/_theme/img/xml_12x12.png" alt="XML Metadaten" title="Metadaten als XML speichern">
		</a>
    &#160;&#160;
		
  	<span id="form-widgets-shorttitle" style="display:none">Transfer of European legal norms</span>
	</div>
  <p class="documentDescription">
    <span id="parent-fieldname-description" class="hyphenate">The transfer of legal norms is a distinct feature of European legal history. There has been mutual influence of legal norms across national and linguistic borders in all legal areas. This process was shaped by political and cultural trends as well as legal necessity. Besides transfers for national policy reasons and those tied to legal culture and legal policy, this article addresses the return transfer of legal norms and developments in judicial and constitutional law.</span>
  </p>
  <dl class="portlet toc" id="document-toc">
		<dt class="portletHeader"><span class="de">Inhaltsverzeichnis</span><span class="en">Table of Contents</span></dt>
  	<dd class="portletItem"></dd>
	</dl>
  <div id="parent-fieldname-text" class="hyphenate"> <div id="articlebody">
            <div class="fieldErrorBox"></div>
            <span id="tableOfContents" data-toc="true"></span>
            <h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>The mutual influence of legal norms across national borders and &#8211; above all &#8211; across linguistic borders is a distinct feature of European legal history. <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/model-classical-antiquity/lorena-atzeri-roman-law-and-reception" title="Roman Law and Reception">Roman law</a> and its development into common law in the Middle Ages influenced the law in many parts of <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4015701-5">Europe</a></span>, especially in the course of the so-called reception of Roman law in the 16th century, in the German-speaking countries called (Roman-)Common Law &#8211; (R&#246;misch-)Gemeines Recht.<span><span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_0_marker1"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_0">1</a></sup></span> At the beginning of the 19th century, the legislatures of many states took the <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4018145-5">French</a></span> civil code of 1804 (<em>Code civil des Fran&#231;ais<a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1061517/f2.image" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Code civil, Bnf, Gallica"><img alt="Code Civil (IMG)" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/rechtskreise-bilderordner/code-civil-img/@@images/image/thumb" title="Code Civil (IMG)"></a></em>) as their model; <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/crossroads/rechtsraeume-rechtskreise/wilhelm-brauneder-kodifikationsbewegungen" title="Kodifikationsbewegungen">European constitutions often mutually influenced each other</a>. While transfers took place against the backdrop of similar legal customs and scholarship in almost all areas of jurisprudence, a role was also played by political and cultural currents as well as legal necessity. Similar factors influenced the transfer of European legal norms beyond Europe. These transfer dynamics are especially evident in the areas of civil and constitutional law.</span></p>
<h2>Transfer for national policy reasons</h2>
<p>The founding of non-European colonies by European states led to the export of European law for national policy reasons. Thus&#160;Anglo-Saxon common law extended to the later <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4078704-7">USA</a></span> and other colonies of the Empire (along with <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4029456-0">Canada</a></span>, the common law was also introduced in the <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4003900-6">Australian provinces</a></span> and, to varying degrees, in <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4026722-2">India</a></span>). In the process, it expanded into the Anglo-American legal sphere.<span><span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_1_marker2"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_1">2</a></sup></span> In southern <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4000695-5">Africa</a></span>, the common law of the Dutch <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4078012-0">Cape Colony</a></span> conquered by England merged with the Roman-Dutch law of the Boer republics to form a mixed system.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_2_marker3"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_2">3</a></sup></span> Likewise, the mixing of laws occurred in the former French colonies of <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4048030-6">Qu&#233;bec</a></span> (Canada) and <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4036394-6">Louisiana</a></span> (USA).<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_3_marker4"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_3">4</a></sup></span> However, civil law remained codified in Qu&#233;bec, while common law took root in the U.S. states in the territory of the formerly French Louisiana. South Africa fended off undue influence of the common law through the independent further development of Roman-Dutch law, which in the 19th century led to an adoption of continental European methods such as systematization and conceptualization, following the example of German jurisprudence.</span></p>
<p>French law, especially the <em>Code civil</em>, spread equally through state expansion, firstly in Europe in the French satellite states established under Emperor <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/106964661" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Napoleon Bonaparte (1769&#8211;1821)">Napoleon I (1769<strong>&#8211;</strong>1821)</a><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/mediainfo/test-napoleon" title="Napoleon Bonaparte (1769&#8211;1821)">[<img alt="Napoleon Bonaparte (1769&#8211;1821) IMG" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/rev.-and-napoleonic-wars-bilderordner/napoleon-img/@@images/image/thumb" title="Napoleon Bonaparte (1769&#8211;1821) IMG">]</a>, and, secondly, through the establishment of overseas colonies. These included the aforementioned French colonies in <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4042483-2">North America</a></span> as well as large areas in <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4042482-0">North</a></span> and <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4079203-1">West Africa</a></span>, where French law remained effective for a longer period of time. There was also a transfer of Spanish and Portuguese law to the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, respectively, especially to <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4074032-8">Latin America</a></span> and to the Spanish <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4045771-0">Philippines</a></span>.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_4_marker5"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_4">5</a></sup></span> Further, beyond Europe, the canon law of the Catholic Church widened its reach, in particular where the Church was supported by state expansion, as in Latin America.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_5_marker6"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_5">6</a></sup></span></p>
<p>In contrast to common law, in which judicial precedent predominates, the idea of state legislation and cultivating the law through jurisprudence spread with Roman law. In this <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/legal-families/claudia-lydorf-romance-legal-family" title="Romance Legal Family">legal system</a>, the legal culture is therefore determined by state legislation and university legal studies. The title of one programmatic essay accordingly asserts: "<em>Zu Europa geh&#246;rt auch Lateinamerika</em>"(Latin America belongs to Europe).<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_6_marker7"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_6">7</a></sup></span></p>
<p>The transfer of continental European legal systems also promoted the idea of systematizing larger areas of law through codifications and, along with it, the notion of the constitutional state, i.e. that state power needed to be regulated within a constitutional framework. However, it was in the area of common law that the newly formed USA also independently advanced this idea, leading to the enactment of US constitutions as early as 1778 and 1787. After they broke away from <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4055964-6">Spain</a></span> or <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4046843-4">Portugal</a></span>, the new Latin American states similarly gave themselves constitutions, such as <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4008003-1">Brazil</a></span> in 1824.</p>
<p>As <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4076899-5">Russia</a></span> expanded into <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4003217-6">Asia</a></span> <span>&#8211;</span> across <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4054780-2">Siberia</a></span> all the way to the <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4044981-6">Pacific Ocean</a></span> <span>&#8211;</span> European law also transcended the borders of Europe. Russia though participated only marginally in the development of continental European law.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_7_marker8"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_7">8</a></sup></span> Its legal system had very few codifications, especially in civil law, and it had not become a constitutional state. Consequently, Russian law did not take hold beyond the boundaries of the tsarist empire.</p>
<p>As southeastern European states emerged in the wake of <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/from-the-turkish-menace-to-orientalism/markus-koller-ottoman-history-of-south-east-europe" title="Ottoman History of South-East Europe">the territorial retreat of the Ottoman Empire</a>, European law experienced another transfer &#8211; not across Europe's geographic border, but across its cultural border. After <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4022047-3">Greece</a></span> proclaimed its independence in 1822, constitutions were established there in 1823/1827 based on the French model. <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4088119-2">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a></span>, annexed by <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4075613-0">Austria-Hungary</a></span> in 1905, also experienced a Europeanization of law.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_8_marker9"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_8">9</a></sup></span> In 1910, it received a constitution, which, as the charter of fundamental rights clearly shows, was aligned with that of Austria&#8217;s from 1867. The Austrian general civil code (Allgemeines B&#252;rgerliches Gesetzbuch, ABGB) had already been introduced in 1878, although only in a partly subsidiary form. The criminal code and the code of civil procedure of 1883 followed Austrian models, and the commercial code of 1883 Hungarian models.</p>
<h2>Legal culture and legal policy transfer</h2>
<p>The transfer of rights, which was initially primarily driven by the state, was maintained after decolonization in places where it was sustained by a broad class of European immigrants, as in the United States and Latin America. But even in some former colonies where there had been little European immigration, there was adherence to transferred law, for example in India, in the French parts of Africa, and in some of the Spanish colonies, such as the Philippines. The transferred law continued to shape the legal culture, not only through the transfer of legal norms, but also as a result of their further development. Thus, in the tradition of the French<em> Code civil</em>, the <em>Code civil du Bas-Canada/Civil Code of Lower Canada </em>of 1866 established the Canadian province of Qu&#233;bec as a continental European legal enclave in the North American common law area. The legislation of the states that emerged from European overseas colonies maintained the European legal tradition and supplemented it with further specific adaptations of European models. In 1830, for example, the Austrian penal code of 1803 found its way into the Brazilian <em>codigo criminal do imperio do Brasil<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_9_marker10"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_9">10</a></sup></span></em> and finally into the Philippine penal code of 1870. Over the course of the 19th century, the codifications of Napoleon I concerning civil law, civil procedure law, criminal law and criminal procedure law as well as commercial law from the years 1804 to 1807 were adopted worldwide in particular. Then, the German Civil Code (BGB) started to exert great influence<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/mediainfo/promulgation-of-the-german-civil-code-1896" title="Promulgation of the German Civil Code, 1896"><img alt="Reichsgesetzblatt Nr. 21, S. 195 IMG" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/deutscher-rechtskreis-bilderordner/verkuendung-des-bgb-im-reichsgesetzblatt-img/@@images/image/thumb" title="Reichsgesetzblatt Nr. 21, S. 195 IMG"></a> from the end of the 19th century.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_10_marker11"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_10">11</a></sup></span></p>
<p>The transfer of legal norms also entailed the transfer of related jurisprudence. However, the appeal of European jurisprudence was also rooted in its intrinsic usefulness. Thus, by 1800, works by the Austrian natural law scholar <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/56724777" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Karl Anton von Martini (1726&#8211;1800)">Karl Anton von Martini (1726&#8211;1800)</a> had already found their way via Spain to its American colonies.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_11_marker12"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_11">12</a></sup></span> In the 19th century, above all the texts of German civil law scholars like <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/37671233" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Hermann Roesler (1834&#8211;1894)">Hermann Roesler (1834&#8211;1894)</a> spread because of their conceptual and systematic penetration of legal subject matter, sometimes even in areas of common law.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_12_marker13"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_12">13</a></sup></span> They cemented the continental European tradition in the law of South Africa and Latin America. For the same reason, the writings of German constitutional law scholars like <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/27380969" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Albert Mosse (1846&#8211;1925)">Albert Mosse (1846&#8211;1925)</a> proved popular.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_13_marker14"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_13">14</a></sup></span></p>
<p>This paved the way for the striking transfer of European legal norms to states that had not been European colonies, but drew on European models to modernize their state and legal systems. <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/de/threads/europa-und-die-welt/herrschaft/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen/naoko-matsumoto-transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen-nach-japan" title="Transfer europ&#228;ischer Rechtsnormen nach Japan">Japan</a> is a noteworthy example:<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_14_marker15"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_14">15</a></sup></span> During the modernization push of the so-called Meiji period, central European legal and constitutional forms were adopted that had been familiar in <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4028495-5">Japan</a></span> due to the country&#8217;s European delegations. For this reason, <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/44308789/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Lorenz von Stein (1815&#8211;1890)">Lorenz von Stein (1815&#8211;1890)</a> as well as <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/41907579" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Heinrich Rudolf Hermann Friedrich von Gneist (1816&#8211;1895)">Heinrich Rudolf Hermann Friedrich von Gneist (1816&#8211;1895)</a><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/mediainfo/en-heinrich-rudolf-hermann-friedrich-von-gneist-181620131895" title="Heinrich Rudolf Hermann Friedrich von Gneist (1816&#8211;1895)">[<img alt="Heinrich Rudolf Hermann Friedrich von Gneist (1816&#8211;1895) IMG" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen-nach-japan/rudolf-von-gneist-181620131895-_img/@@images/image/thumb" title="Heinrich Rudolf Hermann Friedrich von Gneist (1816&#8211;1895) IMG">]</a><strong>)</strong> became advisors and co-drafters of the first Japanese constitution, the Meiji Constitution of 1889. Japan's private law was initially clearly influenced by French law, but after 1898 it was strongly oriented towards the German Civil Code, which also became an important model for Chinese private law around 1930.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_15_marker16"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_15">16</a></sup></span></p>
<p>Further notable transfers of law beyond Europe involved the young <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4061163-2">Turkish Republic</a></span> under its reformer <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/87758727" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Mustafa Kemal Atat&#252;rk (1881&#8211;1938)">Mustafa Kemal Atat&#252;rk (1881&#8211;1938)</a>.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_16_marker17"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_16">17</a></sup></span> Two codifications &#8211; adaptations of the 1912 French version of the Swiss Civil Code and Code of Obligations (debt law) &#8211; effectively entered into force as the "Turkish Civil Code" and "Turkish Code of Obligations" in 1926. However, the former <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4075720-1">Ottoman Empire</a></span> had already borrowed heavily from French legislation in commercial law, civil procedure, and criminal and criminal procedure law.</p>
<h2>Reciprocal transfer?</h2>
<p>In recent years, research has also examined the extent to which the further development of transferred legal norms has had an impact on the countries of origin. Here, too, it is useful to distinguish transfers for national policy reasons from those that are related to legal culture and legal policy. Due to the global organization of the Roman Catholic Church, there were repercussions from developments in the South American region on canon law.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_17_marker18"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_17">18</a></sup></span> The transfer of <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4053881-3">Swiss</a></span> law to Turkey resulted in regular joint exchanges. The <em>Hispanit&#225;</em>, the states with Spanish-speaking populations, cultivates a common scholarly tradition, while developments in the individual countries are noted and received by the others.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_18_marker19"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_18">19</a></sup></span> In such cases, however, it is less a retransfer to the original point of transfer than a contribution to a shared legal culture. This is most true of common law, which by its very nature is a single system that is sustained by its overall area of application.</p>
<h2>Developments in judicial law</h2>
<p>Due to original transfer of law and its lasting effect, as well as the independent developments which were associated with the transfers, the world was divided into two large legal areas. On the one hand, there are the common law states; on the other, there are the civil law states of the codification-based, continental European legal system.</p>
<p>The transfer of European law and European legal thinking remained closed to the <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/richard-potz-islamic-law-and-the-transfer-of-european-law" title="Islamic Law and the Transfer of European Law">Islamic area</a> in many respects.<span class="InsertNoteMarker" id="InsertNoteID_19_marker20"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_19">20</a></sup></span> This is especially true for those branches of law that are strongly interwoven with religious prescriptions, as in marriage and inheritance law. Nevertheless, some Islamic states, especially those such as <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4000556-2">Egypt</a></span> or <span class="external-geo-link-container" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place"><a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4058794-0">Syria</a></span> that had been exposed to European influence early on, were at least somewhat open to the transfer of French legal norms.</p>
<h2>Results in constitutional law</h2>
<p>The tradition of the European constitutional state spread around the world, at least formally, in both common law and civil law states. The founding of states and, in most cases, the change of governing systems almost always involved the enactment of a constitutional framework with rules for the head of state, the government, the parliament, with the outlines of the judicial and administrative organization, and, in most cases, with a basic rights charter. Of course, differences existed not only in the further elaboration of the constitutions e.g. with regard to electoral law, the organization of the administration and the enforcement of fundamental rights, but above all with regard to constitutional practice. Notwithstanding this, the similar constitutional documents provide a benchmark for assessing political systems and their implementation. To this day, however, different views on constitutional standards still exist even within Europe. The drafting of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights, for example, revealed the extent to which views on fundamental rights diverge: While central European states regarded them as self-evidently enforceable, legal entitlements, other European states rejected this definition, seeing fundamental rights strictly as national objectives.</p>
<p class="author"><a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/109809819/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Wilhelm Brauneder (born 1943)">Wilhelm Brauneder</a></p>
</div> <h2>Appendix</h2>
<h3>Literature</h3>
<p>Ansay, Tu&#287;rul et al. (eds.): Introduction to Turkish Law, Deventer et al. 2005.</p>
<p>Brauneder, Wilhelm: Europ&#228;ische Privatrechtsgeschichte, Wien u.a. 2014.</p>
<p>Bucher, Eugen: Zu Europa geh&#246;rt auch Lateinamerika!, in: Zeitschrift f&#252;r Europ&#228;isches Privatrecht (ZEuP) 3 (2004), pp. 515&#8211;547.</p>
<p>Duve, Thomas: Sonderrecht in der Fr&#252;hen Neuzeit: Studien zum ius singulare und den privilegia miserabilium personarum, senum und indorum in Alter und Neuer Welt, Frankfurt am Main 2008 (Ver&#246;ffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Institutes f&#252;r europ&#228;ische Rechtsgeschichte 231).</p>
<p>Endre&#223;, Gerhard: Islam: Eine Einf&#252;hrung in seine Geschichte, 3rd ed., Munich 1997.</p>
<p>Ishii, Shiro: The Reception of the Occidental Systems by the Japanese Legal System, in: Michel Doucet et al. (eds.): La R&#233;ception des Syst&#232;mes Juridiques: Implantation et Destin: textes pr&#233;sent&#233;s au premier colloque international du Centre international de la common law en fran&#231;ais (CICLEF), Brussels 1994, pp. 239&#8211;266.</p>
<p>Konetzke, Richard: Die Indianerkulturen Altamerikas und die spanisch-portugiesische Kolonialherrschaft, Frankfurt am Main 1968 (Fischer Weltgeschichte 22, vol. 1: S&#252;d- und Mittelamerika).</p>
<p>Lira, Bernardino Bravo: Dos Vertientes de la Codificaci&#243;n: En Torno al Bicentenario de los C&#243;digos Penal de Austria (1803) y Civil de Francia (1804), in: Carlos Ra&#250;l Sanz: La Codificaci&#243;n: Sus Ra&#237;ces y Perspectivas, Buenos Aires 2003, ch. 2.</p>
<p>Mischler Ernst et al. (eds.): &#214;sterreichisches Staatsw&#246;rterbuch: Handbuch des gesamten &#246;sterreichischen &#214;ffentlichen Rechtes, Wien 1905, vol. 1. URL: <a href="http://archive.org/details/osterreichisches01misciala" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="http://archive.org/details/osterreichisches01misciala">http://archive.org/details/osterreichisches01misciala</a> [2021-11-26]</p>
<p>Moore, Elon H.: The Livingston Code, in: Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology 19,3 (1928), pp. 344&#8211;366. URL: <a href="http://doi.org/10.2307/1134624" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="http://doi.org/10.2307/1134624">http://doi.org/10.2307/1134624</a> / URL: <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1134624" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1134624">http://www.jstor.org/stable/1134624</a> [2021-11-26]</p>
<p>Schlosser, Hans: Grundz&#252;ge der Neueren Privatrechtsgeschichte: Rechtsentwicklungen im europ&#228;ischen Kontext, 10th ed., Heidelberg 2005.</p>
<p>Schultz, Lothar: Russische Rechtsgeschichte von den Anf&#228;ngen bis zur Gegenwart einschlie&#223;lich des Rechts der Sowjetunion, Lahr 1951.</p>
<p>Takii, Kazuhiro: Das Japan-Bild der deutschen Juristen w&#228;hrend der Meiji-Zeit, in: ZINBUN 34,1 (1999), pp. 107&#8211;126. URL: <a href="http://doi.org/10.14989/48771" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="http://doi.org/10.14989/48771">http://doi.org/10.14989/48771</a> / URL: <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/2433/48771" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="http://hdl.handle.net/2433/48771">http://hdl.handle.net/2433/48771</a> [2021-11-26]</p>
<p>Zimmermann, Reinhard: Das r&#246;misch-holl&#228;ndische Recht in S&#252;dafrika: Einf&#252;hrung in die Grundlagen und Usus Hodiernus, Darmstadt 1983.</p>
<h3>Notes</h3>
<ol id="InsertNote_NoteList" type="1">
<li id="InsertNoteID_0"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_0_marker1">^</a></sup> <span> Among others, Brauneder, Privatrechtsgeschichte 2014, pp. 15, 75ff.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_1"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_1_marker2">^</a></sup> <span> Brauneder, Privatrechtsgeschichte 2014, pp. 71 ff.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_2"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_2_marker3">^</a></sup> <span> Zimmermann, Das r&#246;misch-holl&#228;ndische Recht 1983, pp. 9ff.; also Ceylon (Sri Lanka).</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_3"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_3_marker4">^</a></sup> <span> Moore, The Livingston Code 1928, pp. 344ff.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_4"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_4_marker5">^</a></sup> <span> Konetzke, Indianerkulturen Altamerikas 1968, insbesondere pp. 120&#8211;126; Lira, Dos Vertientes 2003.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_5"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_5_marker6">^</a></sup> <span> Duve, Sonderrecht 2008.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_6"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_6_marker7">^</a></sup> <span> Bucher, Zu Europa 2004.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_7"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_7_marker8">^</a></sup> <span> Schultz, Russische Rechtsgeschichte 1951.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_8"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_8_marker9">^</a></sup> <span> Mischler, &#214;sterreichisches Staatsw&#246;rterbuch 1905, pp. 628&#8211;636.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_9"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_9_marker10">^</a></sup> <span> Lira, Dos Vertientes 2003.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_10"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_10_marker11">^</a></sup> <span> Brauneder, Privatrechtsgeschichte 2014, p. 143.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_11"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_11_marker12">^</a></sup> <span> Lira, Dos Vertientes 2003.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_12"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_12_marker13">^</a></sup> <span> Brauneder, Privatrechtsgeschichte 2014, p. 139.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_13"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_13_marker14">^</a></sup> <span> Takii, Das Japan-Bild 1999, pp. 108.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_14"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_14_marker15">^</a></sup> <span> Ishii, The Reception 1994.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_15"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_15_marker16">^</a></sup> <span> Brauneder, Privatrechtsgeschichte 2014, p. 145.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_16"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_16_marker17">^</a></sup> <span> Brauneder, Privatrechtsgeschichte 2014, p. 148; Ansay, Introduction to Turkish Law 2005.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_17"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_17_marker18">^</a></sup> <span> Duve, Sonderrecht 2008.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_18"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_18_marker19">^</a></sup> <span> Lira, Dos Vertientes 2003.</span></li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_19"><sup><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen#InsertNoteID_19_marker20">^</a></sup> <span> Endre&#223;, Der Islam 1997, p. 72ff.</span></li>
</ol>
          </div>
	<div id="article_metadata"><br>
		<div id="license" class="smalltype">
				<span class="cc-image-link">
					<a class="de" rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.de"><img alt="Creative Commons Lizenzvertrag" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/3.0/80x15.png"></a>
					<a class="en" rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en"><img alt="Creative Commons Lizenzvertrag" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/3.0/80x15.png"></a>
				</span>
			<br>
			<span class="de">Dieser Text ist lizensiert unter</span>
			<span class="en">This text is licensed under</span>: <span class="licence"><span class="selected-option">All rights reserved</span></span>
		</div>
		<hr>
		<p>
			<span id="translator"><span class="de">&#220;bersetzt von:</span><span class="en">Translated by:</span> <span id="form-widgets-translator" class="text-widget textline-field">Christopher Reid</span></span><br>
			<span id="publisher"><span class="de">Fachherausgeber:</span><span class="en">Editor:</span> <span id="form-widgets-publisher" class="text-widget textline-field">Barbara D&#246;lemeyer</span>

</span><br>
			<span id="copyeditor"><span class="de">Redaktion:</span><span class="en">Copy Editor:</span> <span id="form-widgets-copyeditor" class="text-widget textline-field">Claudia Falk</span>

</span><br>
		</p>
			<div class="document-paths-container">
				<strong><span class="de">Eingeordnet unter:</span><span class="en">Filed under:</span></strong>
					<div class="document-paths">
					
        <div>
          <ul class="path breadcrumbs">
            <li>
              <a href="https://ego-ploneui.uni-trier.de">Home</a>
            </li> 
            <li>
              <span class="path-separator">&#8594;</span>
              en 
            </li>
            <li>
              <span class="path-separator">&#8594;</span>
              Threads 
            </li>
            <li>
              <span class="path-separator">&#8594;</span>
              <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world">Europe and the World</a> 
            </li>
            <li>
              <span class="path-separator">&#8594;</span>
              <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule">European Overseas Rule</a> 
            </li>
            <li>
              <span class="path-separator">&#8594;</span>
              <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/european-overseas-rule/transfer-europaeischer-rechtsnormen">Transfer of European legal norms</a> 
            </li>
          </ul>
        </div>            
        
      </div>
		</div>  
		<hr>
		<div class="relatedItems">
		</div>
			<h3 id="indices">Indices</h3>
		<div id="ddcarea">
			DDC: <span id="ddcs"><a href="/search?DDC=340&amp;portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe" class="ddc"> 340</a> <a class="de" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=340">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a> <a class="en" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=340">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a></span>
		</div>
		<br>
		<div class="geo-links-container"></div>
		<div id="map" style="height:450px;"></div>
		<script src="https://openlayers.org/api/2.13.1/OpenLayers.js"></script>
		<script>
			map = new OpenLayers.Map("map");
			var markers = new OpenLayers.Layer.Markers( "Markers" );
			map.addLayer(markers);
			map.addLayer(new OpenLayers.Layer.OSM());       
			var fromProjection = new OpenLayers.Projection("EPSG:4326");   // Transform from WGS 1984
			var toProjection   = new OpenLayers.Projection("EPSG:900913"); // to Spherical Mercator Projection
			var position       = new OpenLayers.LonLat(8.247253,49.992863).transform( fromProjection, toProjection);
			map.setCenter(position, 4 );
		</script>
		<hr>
		<h3><span class="de">Zitierempfehlung</span><span class="en">Citation</span></h3>
		<p class="box" id="citation">
			<span class="articleauthor"><span class="reversedallauthors"><span class="reversedauthor">Brauneder, Wilhelm</span><span></span></span></span>: <span class="doc_title">Transfer of European legal norms</span>, in:
			<span class="de">Europ&#228;ische Geschichte Online (EGO),
			hg. vom <span class="leibniz-addition">Leibniz-</span>Institut f&#252;r Europ&#228;ische Geschichte (IEG), Mainz </span>
			<span class="en">European History Online (EGO),
			published by the <span class="leibniz-addition">Leibniz </span>Institute of European History (IEG), Mainz </span>
			<span class="publicationsdate">2021-12-07</span>.
			URL: <a id="primaryurl" href="">https://www.ieg-ego.eu/<span class="unique">braunederw-2017b</span>-<span class="articlelanguage">en</span></a>
			URN: <a id="primaryurn" href=""><span id="urn">urn:nbn:de:0159-2021120607</span></a> <span class="de">[JJJJ-MM-TT]</span><span class="en">[YYYY-MM-DD]</span>.
		</p>
		<p class="de smalltype">Bitte setzen Sie beim Zitieren dieses Beitrages hinter der URL-Angabe in Klammern das Datum Ihres letzten Besuchs dieser Online-Adresse ein. Beim Zitieren einer bestimmten Passage aus dem Beitrag bitte zus&#228;tzlich die Nummer des Textabschnitts angeben, z.B. 2 oder 1-4.</p>
		<p class="en smalltype">When quoting this article please add the date of your last retrieval in brackets after the url. When quoting a certain passage from the article please also insert the corresponding number(s), for example 2 or 1-4.</p>
		<div id="ppnarea">
			<br>
			<span class="de">Titelexport aus</span><span class="en">Export citation from</span>:
			<span id="ppn"><a title="incl. export options into standard citation formats" href="http://cbsopac.rz.uni-frankfurt.de/DB=2.1/PPNSET?PPN=488419190"><span class="de">HeBIS-Online-Katalog</span><span class="en">HeBIS Online Catalogue</span> <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"></a> </span>
			<span id="oclc"><a title="incl. export options into standard citation formats" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1287670489">WorldCat<span class="oclc-id hidden">http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1287670489</span> <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"></a> </span>
		</div>
		<hr class="double">
		<div class="social-buttons">
			<div class="email-button-container">
				<a href="#" class="email-button social-button"><span title="Recommend via E-Mail" class="en">E-Mail</span><span title="Empfehlung per E-Mail" class="de">E-Mail</span></a>
			</div>
			<div class="recensio-button-container">
				<span class="print"><span class="en">Comment on this entry at recensio.net</span><span class="de">Diesen Beitrag bei recensio.net kommentieren</span>: </span>
				<a href="#" class="recensio-button social-button"><span title="Comment on this entry at recensio.net" class="en">Comment</span><span title="Diesen Beitrag bei recensio.net kommentieren" class="de">Kommentieren</span></a>
			</div>
			<div class="tweet-button-container">
			<div class="tweet-2click-dummy"><img src="/_theme/img/dummy_twitter.png" title="Click here to activate Twitter button" alt="Twitter" class="en"><img src="/_theme/img/dummy_twitter.png" title="Hier klicken um den Twitter Button zu aktivieren" alt="Twitter" class="de"></div></div>
			<div class="gplus-button-container">
			<div class="gplus-2click-dummy"><img src="/_theme/img/dummy_gplus.png" title="Click here to activate +1 button" alt="+1" class="en"><img src="/_theme/img/dummy_gplus.png" title="Hier klicken um den +1 Button zu aktivieren" alt="+1" class="de"></div></div>
			<div class="fb-button-container">
			<div class="fb-2click-dummy"><img src="/_theme/img/dummy_facebook_en.png" title="Click here to activate Facebook button" alt="Facebook" class="en"><img src="/_theme/img/dummy_facebook.png" title="Hier klicken um den Facebook Button zu aktivieren" alt="Facebook" class="de"></div></div>
		</div> 
		<div class="clear">&#160;</div>       
	</div>
</div> 
			<div class="grid_2 hyphenate" id="rightsidebar">
				<div id="mediabar">
					<ul>
					</ul>
				</div>
			</div>
			<div class="clear">&#160;</div>
			<div class="grid_9">
				<div id="breadcrumb0" class="breadCrumb module">
				<div id="breadcrumbs-1">
				</div>
				</div>
			</div>	
		</div> 
		<div class="clear">&#160;</div>
		<div id="footer" class="grid_9">
            <ul id="bottommenu" class="smalltype">
				<li class="first">
					<a href="/en/ego">About EGO</a>
				</li>
				<li>
					<a href="/en/ego/contact">Contact</a>
				</li>
				<li>
					<a href="/en/ego/impressum">Legal Details</a>
				</li>
				<li>
					<a href="/en/ego/privacy">Privacy</a>
				</li>
				<li class="last">ISSN 2192-7405</li>
                <li>
                    <a id="twitterlogo" href="http://www.twitter.com/ieg_ego"><img width="58" height="20" src="/_theme/img/twitter_button.png" alt="Follow ieg_ego on Twitter" title="Follow ieg_ego on Twitter"></a>
                </li>
                <li class="gplus-2click-dummy" data-url="http://www.ieg-ego.eu">
                    <img alt="+1" title="Click here to activate +1 button" src="/_theme/img/dummy_gplus.png">
                </li>
                <li class="fb-2click-dummy" data-url="http://www.ieg-ego.eu">
                    <img alt="Facebook" title="Click here to activate Facebook button" src="/_theme/img/dummy_facebook_en.png">
                </li>
            </ul>
            <span class="print">http://www.ieg-ego.eu ISSN 2192-7405</span>
        </div> 
		</div>  
		
			<script src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/js/plugins.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
			
			
			<script src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/js/jquery.scrollUp.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
		<script type="text/javascript" src="https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js">
		{ parsetags: 'explicit' }
		</script>
		<script src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/js/ego_global.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
		
		<script type="text/javascript">
			var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
			/* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
			_paq.push(['trackPageView']);
			_paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
			(function() {
			var u="https://tcdhpiwik.uni-trier.de/";
			_paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
			_paq.push(['setSiteId', '11']);
			var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
			g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
			})();
		</script>
	  
	</body>
</html>

EGO | People , Places , Pages

Actions