EGO | People , Places , Peges

Edit Page

Title

Url

Content

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" class="en text article">
	<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
		<meta http-equiv="Access-Control-Allow-Origin" content="*">
		<meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="upgrade-insecure-requests">
		<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/img/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
		<link rel="icon" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/img/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
		<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/img/apple-touch-icon.png">
		
 
 <link rel="schema.DC" href="https://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
 <link rel="schema.DCTERMS" href="https://purl.org/dc/terms/"> 
 	<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1">
		
		<meta http-equiv="content-language" content="de">
		
 <meta name="description" content="The Alpine region lies between a number of densely populated European countries. It consists of a curved mountain range 1,200 kilometres in length that is crossed by many valleys and reaches a height of over 4,800 metres above sea level at Mont Blanc. In the present day, it is shared by eight states. In alphabetical order, they are Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia and Switzerland. As a mountain range, the Alps constituted an obstacle to travel and communication. The emergence of religious, linguistic and state-political borders has thus been a particularly prominent aspect of the region's history. From the 18th century onward, the Alpine region also received special attention from the societal elites and subsequently from the broader population. Its natural features and peripheral, yet central location made it a &quot;playground of Europe&quot;. This set many new transfer processes in motion."><meta name="copyright" content="IEG Mainz">
 
 <meta name="google-site-verification" content="MJGOUQy7My8Aecc8deyTY6HwXqOTYaGiuYJT_gKFf2Y">
 <meta property="fb:admins" content="100001928375895">
 <meta property="og:site_name" content="EGO | Europ&#228;ische Geschichte Online"> 
 <meta property="og:type" content="article"> 
 <meta property="og:email" content="egoredaktion@ieg-mainz.de">
 <meta property="og:phone_number" content="+49 6131 39 393 50">
 <meta property="og:fax_number" content="+49 6131 39 353 26">
 <link rel="alternate" href="https://twitter.com/statuses/user_timeline/234792826.rss" title="Tweets von EGO bei Twitter.com" type="application/rss+xml">
 <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="EGO" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/egosearch.xml">
		
		
		<meta name="application-url" content="https://www.ieg-ego.eu">
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://code.jquery.com/ui/1.9.1/themes/base/jquery-ui.css">
		<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
		<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.9.1/jquery-ui.min.js"></script>
		<script src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/js/css_browser_selector.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
		<script src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/js/flowplayer-3.2.4.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
 <script src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/js/carousel.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
		<link rel="Stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/css/screen.css" media="screen, projection"> 
		<link rel="Stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/css/print.css" media="print">
 <link rel="Stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/css/carousel.css" media="screen, projection"> 
		<title>The Alpine Region &#8212; EGO </title>
	<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de)"><meta name="DC.Title" content="The Alpine Region"><meta name="DC.Source" content="EGO(http://www.ieg-ego.eu)"><meta name="DC.Date.Issued" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CTDF" content="2017-03-09"><meta name="DC.Rights" content="CC by-nc-nd 3.0 Germany - Attribution, Noncommercial, No Derivative Works"><meta name="DC.Description" content="The Alpine region lies between a number of densely populated European countries. It consists of a curved mountain range 1,200 kilometres in length that is crossed by many valleys and reaches a height of over 4,800 metres above sea level at Mont Blanc. In the present day, it is shared by eight states. In alphabetical order, they are Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia and Switzerland. As a mountain range, the Alps constituted an obstacle to travel and communication. The emergence of religious, linguistic and state-political borders has thus been a particularly prominent aspect of the region's history. From the 18th century onward, the Alpine region also received special attention from the societal elites and subsequently from the broader population. Its natural features and peripheral, yet central location made it a 'playground of Europe'. This set many new transfer processes in motion."><meta name="DC.Identifier" scheme="DCTERMS.URI" content="urn:nbn:de:0159-2017030604"><meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" scheme="DCMIType"><meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" scheme="IMT"><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="IEG(http://www.ieg-mainz.de)"><meta name="generator" content="Plone - http://plone.com"></head>
	<body>
		<iframe id="manifest_iframe_hack" style="display: none;" src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/temporary_manifest_hack.html">
		</iframe> 
		<div id="wrapper" class="container container_9">
		<div id="header" class="grid_9">
			<ul id="topmenu" class="smalltype">
				<li class="first">
					<a href="/en/ego">About EGO</a>
				</li>
				<li>
					<a href="/en/ego/contact">Contact</a>
				</li>
				<li>
					<a href="/en/ego/impressum">Legal Details</a>
				</li>
				<li class="last">
					<a href="/en/ego/privacy">Privacy</a>
				</li>
			</ul>
			<ul id="languageselect" class="smalltype">
				<li class="first"><a href="/mathieuj-2013-de?set_language=de&amp;-C=" title="Deutsch">Deutsch</a> |</li>
				<li class="last">English</li>
			</ul>
			<h1 id="sitelogo">
 <a href="/" title="Back to Homepage">
 <img src="/_theme/img/EGO_logotype_en.png" width="174" height="43" alt="EGO - European History Online">
 </a>
 </h1>
			<ul id="mainmenu">
 <li class="first top">Thread&#9662;
					<ul>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/theories-and-methods">Theories and Methods</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/backgrounds">Backgrounds</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/crossroads">Crossroads</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes">Models and Stereotypes</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/europe-on-the-road">Europe on the Road</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/european-media">European Media</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/european-networks">European Networks</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/transnational-movements-and-organisations">Transnational Movements and Organisations</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/alliances-and-wars">Alliances and Wars</a></li>
						<li><a href="/en/threads/europe-and-the-world">Europe and the World</a></li>
					</ul>
				</li>
 <li class="top">Area&#9662;
					<ul>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=1&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending" title="area included in the basins of the Danube, Elbe, and Rhine rivers">Central Europe</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=0&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending" title="Albania, Bulgaria, European part of Turkey, Yugoslavia">Balkan Peninsula</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=5&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending" title="region extending from the western borders of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia eastward to the Ural Mountains">Eastern Europe</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=2&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending" title="Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, &#197;land, the Faroe Islands, Jan Mayen and Svalbard, the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania)">Northern Europe</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=4&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending" title="the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Great Britain, Ireland">Western Europe</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=3&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending" title="Iberian Peninsula, Italian Peninsula, Southern Balkan Peninsula, Mediterranean States (Malta, Cyprus)">Southern Europe</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;area=6&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Non-European World</a></li>
					</ul>
				</li>
 <li class="top">Topic&#9662;
					<ul>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=0&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Education, Sciences</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=1&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Arts</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=2&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Social Matters, Society</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=3&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Politics</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=4&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Law, Constitution</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=5&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Religion</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=11&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Military</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=6&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Migration, Travel</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=7&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Media, Communication</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=8&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Agents, Intermediaries</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=9&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Theory, Methodology</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;topic=10&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">Economy, Technology</a></li>
					</ul>
				</li>
				<li class="last top">Time&#9662;
					<ul>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=1450+OR+1460+OR+1470+OR+1480+OR+1490&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">15th Century</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=1500+OR+1510+OR+1520+OR+1530+OR+1540+OR+1550+OR+1560+OR+1570+OR+1580+OR+1590&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">16th Century</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=1600+OR+1610+OR+1620+OR+1630+OR+1640+OR+1650+OR+1660+OR+1670+OR+1680+OR+1690&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">17th Century</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=1700+OR+1710+OR+1720+OR+1730+OR+1740+OR+1750+OR+1760+OR+1770+OR+1780+OR+1790&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">18th Century</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=1800+OR+1810+OR+1820+OR+1830+OR+1840+OR+1850+OR+1860+OR+1870+OR+1880+OR+1890&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">19th Century</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=1900+OR+1910+OR+1920+OR+1930+OR+1940+OR+1950+OR+1960+OR+1970+OR+1980+OR+1990&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">20th Century</a></li>
						<li><a href="/search?portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe&amp;timeframe=2000+OR+2010&amp;sort_on=effective&amp;sort_order=descending">21st Century</a></li>
					</ul>
				</li>
			</ul>
			<div id="quicksearch">
 <form method="get" action="/search">
 <fieldset>
 <input id="qs_query" class="searchPage" type="text" name="SearchableText" data-alt="Search" value="Search"><input class="submit" type="submit" name="submit" value=" ">
 <input type="hidden" name="portal_type" value="Site">
 <input type="hidden" name="Title" value="freigabe">
 <input type="hidden" name="set_language" value="en">
 </fieldset>
 </form>
				<a id="advancedsearch" class="smalltype" href="/advanced_search?set_language=en">Advanced Search</a>
			</div>
 </div> 
		<div class="clear">&#160;</div>
		<div id="main">
			<div id="side" class="grid_2 hyphenate">
				
			<ul id="threadnavigation" class="navTree navTreeLevel0">
 <li class="navTreeItem navTreeTopNode nav-section-crossroads">
 
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads" title="" class="contenttype-folder">
 
 Crossroads
 </a>
 
 <ul>

&#160;
 
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions" title="" class="state-published navTreeItemInPath selected expanded navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

Border Regions
 </a>
 
 
 <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel1">

&#160;
		 
 
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region" title="" class="state-published navTreeCurrentItem navTreeCurrentItem navTreeCurrentNode selected expanded this contenttype-site">

Alpine Region
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-balkans">

&#160;
 
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/balkans" title="" class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

Balkans
 </a>
 
 
 <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel2">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/balkans/christoph-lorke-der-balkan-in-deutschsprachigen-reiseberichten-ca-1800-1880" title="" class="state-missing-value contenttype-link">

Balkan Reiseberichte*
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>

</ul>
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-maria-baramova-border-theories-in-early-modern">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/maria-baramova-border-theories-in-early-modern-europe" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Border Theories
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-zaur-gasimov-the-caucasus">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/zaur-gasimov-the-caucasus" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Caucasus
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-der-deutsch-daenische-grenzraum-deutsch-daenischer">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/der-deutsch-daenische-grenzraum-deutsch-daenischer-grenzraum-be-freigabe" title="" class="state-missing-value contenttype-link">

Deutsch-d&#228;nischer Grenzraum
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-joachim-von-puttkamer-east-central-europe">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/joachim-von-puttkamer-east-central-europe" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

East Central Europe
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-thomas-hoepel-the-french-german-borderlands">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/thomas-hoepel-the-french-german-borderlands" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

French-German Borderlands
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-manuel-borutta-mediterraneum">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/manuel-borutta-mediterraneum" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Mediterraneum
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-nordosteuropa-nordosteuropa-be-freigabe">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/nordosteuropa-nordosteuropa-be-freigabe" title="" class="state-missing-value contenttype-link">

Nordosteuropa
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-kerstin-susanne-jobst-the-northern-black-sea">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/kerstin-susanne-jobst-the-northern-black-sea-region" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Northern Black Sea
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-friedrich-edelmayer-the-pyrenees-region">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/friedrich-edelmayer-the-pyrenees-region" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

The Pyrenees Region
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>

</ul>
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-courts-and-cities">

&#160;
 
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/courts-and-cities" title="" class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

Courts and Cities
 </a>
 
 
 <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel1">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/courts-and-cities/catia-antunes-early-modern-ports-1500-1750" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Early Modern Ports
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-markian-prokopovych-rosemary-h-sweet-literary-and">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/courts-and-cities/markian-prokopovych-rosemary-h-sweet-literary-and-artistic-metropolises" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Metropolises
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-marie-schumacher-brunhes-shtetl">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/courts-and-cities/marie-schumacher-brunhes-shtetl" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Shtetl
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-ulrich-schuette-spaces-of-courtly-display-in-the">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/courts-and-cities/ulrich-schuette-spaces-of-courtly-display-in-the-holy-roman-empire" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Spaces of Courtly Display
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-ute-lotz-heumann-spas-from-the-16th-to-the-19th">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/courts-and-cities/ute-lotz-heumann-spas-from-the-16th-to-the-19th-century" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Spas
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>

</ul>
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-gendered-spaces">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/gendered-spaces" title="" class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

Gendered Spaces
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-knowledge-spaces">

&#160;
 
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces" title="" class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

Knowledge Spaces
 </a>
 
 
 <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel1">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/marion-muecke-thomas-schnalke-anatomical-theatre" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Anatomical theatre
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-marianne-klemun-the-botanical-garden">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/marianne-klemun-the-botanical-garden" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Botanical Garden
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-gabriele-bessler-chambers-of-art-and-wonders">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/gabriele-bessler-chambers-of-art-and-wonders" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Chambers of Art
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-henning-schmidgen-laboratory">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/henning-schmidgen-laboratory" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Laboratory
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-peter-bowler-the-popularisation-of-science">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/peter-bowler-the-popularisation-of-science" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Popularisation of Science
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-ute-frietsch-the-boundaries-of-science">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/ute-frietsch-the-boundaries-of-science-pseudoscience" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Pseudoscience
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-petra-dollinger-salon">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/petra-dollinger-salon" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Salon
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-cornelia-weber-university-collections">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/cornelia-weber-university-collections" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

University Collections
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-alexander-c-t-geppert-worlds-fairs">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/alexander-c-t-geppert-worlds-fairs" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

World's Fairs
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-fritz-dross-hospital">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/fritz-dross-hospital" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Hospital
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>

</ul>
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-legal-families">

&#160;
 
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/legal-families" title="" class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

Legal Families
 </a>
 
 
 <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel1">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/legal-families/claudia-lydorf-romance-legal-family" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Romance Legal Family
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-wilhelm-brauneder-skandinavischer-rechtskreis">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/legal-families/wilhelm-brauneder-skandinavischer-rechtskreis" title="" class="state-missing-value contenttype-link">

Skandinavischer Rechtskreis
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-elisabeth-berger-the-german-legal-system">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/legal-families/elisabeth-berger-the-german-legal-system" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

German Legal System
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-wilhelm-brauneder-the-scandinavian-legal-system">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/legal-families/wilhelm-brauneder-the-scandinavian-legal-system" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Scandinavian Legal System
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-wilhelm-brauneder-codification-movements">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/legal-families/wilhelm-brauneder-codification-movements" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Codification Movements
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>

</ul>
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-mental-maps">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/mental-maps" title="" class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

Mental Maps
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-mosaic-of-languages">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/mosaic-of-languages" title="" class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

Mosaic of Languages
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-political-spaces">

&#160;
 
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/political-spaces" title="" class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

Political Spaces and Ideas of Regional Order
 </a>
 
 
 <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel1">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/political-spaces/vanessa-conze-abendland" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Abendland
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-martina-steber-region">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/political-spaces/martina-steber-region" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Region
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-joachim-whaley-reich">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/political-spaces/joachim-whaley-reich" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Reich
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-robert-von-friedeburg-state-forms-and-state">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/political-spaces/robert-von-friedeburg-state-forms-and-state-systems-in-modern-europe" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

State Forms and State Systems
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-riccardo-bavaj-the-west-a-conceptual-exploration">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/political-spaces/riccardo-bavaj-the-west-a-conceptual-exploration" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

"The West"
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-dorothee-goetze-michael-rohrschneider-empires-and">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/political-spaces/dorothee-goetze-michael-rohrschneider-empires-and-composite-states-in-early-modern-times" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Empires and "composite states"
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>

</ul>
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-religious-and-confessional-spaces">

&#160;
 
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces" title="" class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

Religious and Confessional Spaces
 </a>
 
 
 <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel1">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/ruth-slenczka-die-gestaltende-wirkung-von-abendmahlslehre-und-abendmahlspraxis-im-16-jahrhundert" title="" class="state-missing-value contenttype-link">

Abendmahlsr&#228;ume
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-jordan-ballor-w-bradford-littlejohn-european">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/jordan-ballor-w-bradford-littlejohn-european-calvinism-church-discipline" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Church Discipline
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-die-adaption-westlicher-staatskirchenmodelle-in">

&#160;
 
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/die-adaption-westlicher-staatskirchenmodelle-in-der-orthodoxie" title="" class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

Die Adaption westlicher Staatskirchenmodelle in der Orthodoxie
 </a>
 
 
 <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel2">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/die-adaption-westlicher-staatskirchenmodelle-in-der-orthodoxie/die-nationalkirchen-sudosteuropas-die-nationalkirchen-sudosteuropas-ve-freigabe" title="" class="state-missing-value contenttype-link">

Die "Nationalkirchen" S&#252;dosteuropas
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>

</ul>
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-thomas-hahn-bruckart-dissenters-and-nonconformists">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/thomas-hahn-bruckart-dissenters-and-nonconformists-phenomena-of-religious-deviance-between-the-british-isles-and-the-european-continent" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Dissenters and Nonconformists
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-yeshayahu-balog-matthias-morgenstern-hasidism">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/yeshayahu-balog-matthias-morgenstern-hasidism" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Hasidism
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-islam-in-europe">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/islam-in-europe" title="" class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

Islam in Europe
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-katholizismus-rekatholisierung-und-regionale">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/katholizismus-rekatholisierung-und-regionale-identifikation" title="" class="state-missing-value contenttype-link">

Katholizismus*
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-der-neopalamismus-in-der-orthodoxen-theologie">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/der-neopalamismus-in-der-orthodoxen-theologie-neopalamismus-be-freigabe" title="" class="state-missing-value contenttype-link">

Neopalamismus
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-ivana-noble-tim-noble-orthodox-theology-in-western">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/ivana-noble-tim-noble-orthodox-theology-in-western-europe-in-the-20th-century" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Orthodox Theology in Western Europe
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-simo-heininen-otfried-czaika-wittenberg-influences">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/simo-heininen-otfried-czaika-wittenberg-influences-on-the-reformation-in-scandinavia" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Reformation in Scandinavia
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-andreas-braemer-reform-judaism-positive-historical">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/andreas-braemer-reform-judaism-positive-historical-school-orthodoxy" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Reform Judaism
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-jennifer-wasmuth-oestliche-orthodoxien-die">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/jennifer-wasmuth-oestliche-orthodoxien-die-verbreitung-des-sobornost-konzeptes-in-den-orthodoxen-kirchen" title="" class="state-missing-value contenttype-link">

Sobornost'-Konzept
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-interdenominational-unification-efforts-in-the">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/interdenominational-unification-efforts-in-the-early-modern-period-interdenominational-unification-efforts-be-vorankundigung" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Interdenominational Unification Efforts*
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>

</ul>
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-the-historical-region">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/the-historical-region" title="" class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

The "Historical Region"
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker navTreeFolderish section-technified-environments">

&#160;
 
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/technified-environments" title="" class="state-published navTreeFolderish contenttype-folder">

Work, Leisure, Technology
 </a>
 
 
 <ul class="navTree navTreeLevel1">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/technified-environments/stefan-poser-leisure-time-and-technology" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Leisure Time and Technology
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>
 
 <li class="navTreeItem visualNoMarker section-karsten-uhl-work-spaces-from-the-early-modern">

<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/technified-environments/karsten-uhl-work-spaces-from-the-early-modern-workshop-to-the-modern-factory" title="" class="state-published contenttype-site">

Workshop and Factory
 </a>
 
 
 
 </li>

</ul>
 
 
 </li>

</ul>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
			<div id="content" class="grid_5">
	<h1>The Alpine Region</h1>
	<div class="documentByLine" id="document-byline">
 
			von 
			by 
 Jon Mathieu
		Original aufOriginal in German,
		angezeigt aufdisplayed in <a href="" id="articlelanguage_top">English</a><ul id="avllist"><li><a href="/mathieuj-2013-de">deDeutschGerman</a></li><li><a href="/mathieuj-2013-en">enEnglischEnglish</a></li></ul>&#9662;
 		 
 	
			PublishedErschienen: 
			
				2017-03-09
				<ul id="datelist" class="select-popup"></ul>
			
		 
		<a class="printthis" onclick="window.print(); return false;" href="#">
			<img class="en" src="/_theme/img/print_12x12.png" alt="Print" title="Print">
			<img class="de" src="/_theme/img/print_12x12.png" alt="Drucken" title="Drucken">
		</a>
 	
 	<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/author/mathieuj"><img class="en" alt="E-mail" src="/_theme/img/mail_12x12.png" title="E-mail the author"><img class="de" alt="E-mail" src="/_theme/img/mail_12x12.png" title="E-Mail an den Autor"></a>
		
 	<a id="dcexport" class="xmlexport link-trailing-slash" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region/dcexport"><img class="en" src="/_theme/img/xml_12x12.png" alt="XML Metadata" title="save metadata as XML"><img class="de" src="/_theme/img/xml_12x12.png" alt="XML Metadaten" title="Metadaten als XML speichern">
		</a>
 &#160;&#160;
		
 	Alpine Region
	</div>
 
 The Alpine region lies between a number of densely populated European countries. It consists of a curved mountain range 1,200 kilometres in length that is crossed by many valleys and reaches a height of over 4,800 metres above sea level at Mont Blanc. In the present day, it is shared by eight states. In alphabetical order, they are Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia and Switzerland. As a mountain range, the Alps constituted an obstacle to travel and communication. The emergence of religious, linguistic and state-political borders has thus been a particularly prominent aspect of the region's history. From the 18th century onward, the Alpine region also received special attention from the societal elites and subsequently from the broader population. Its natural features and peripheral, yet central location made it a "playground of Europe". This set many new transfer processes in motion.
 
 <dl class="portlet toc" id="document-toc">
		<dt class="portletHeader">InhaltsverzeichnisTable of Contents</dt>
 	<dd class="portletItem"></dd>
	</dl>
 <div id="parent-fieldname-text" class="hyphenate"> <div id="articlebody">
 <div class="fieldErrorBox"></div>
 
 <blockquote><a data-class="external-link" href="https://ehne.fr/en/article/material-civilization/material-modernityies-europe-expansion/construction-first-railway-routes-through-alps-1848-1882" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title=" Construction of the first railway routes through the Alps (1848-1882) (EHNE) ">See also the article "Construction of the first railway routes through the Alps (1848-1882)" in the EHNE.</a></blockquote>
<h2>Border Region, Transit Region, Living Space</h2>
<a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/15562859" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Johann Heinrich Zedler (1706&#8211;1751)">Johann Heinrich Zedler (1706&#8211;1751)</a> noted in his Universal-Lexikon published in 1732 that the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4001328-5" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Alps</a> are the highest<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/de/mediainfo/relief-der-alpen" title='"Relief der Alpen" '> </a> mountains<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/mediainfo/relief-map-of-the-alps" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Relief Map of the Alps"><img alt="Relief der Alpen IMG" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/alpenraum-bilderordner/relief-der-alpen-img/@@images/image/thumb" title="Relief der Alpen IMG"></a> in <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4027833-5">Italy</a>, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4018145-5">France </a>and <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4011882-4">Germany</a>:
<blockquote>Sie sind gleichsam eine von der Natur angelegte Mauer, welche Jtalien von Franckreich und Deutschland scheiden. Sie erstrecken sich sehr weit, indem sie von dem <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4035721-1">Ligustischen Meer</a> an &#252;ber <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4075416-9">Nizza</a>, die <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4047564-5">Provence</a>, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4090925-6">Dauphine</a>, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4051850-4">Savoyen</a>, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4064466-2">Walliser-Land</a>, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4053881-3">Schweitz</a>, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4021881-8">Graub&#252;ndten</a>, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4060207-2">Tyrol</a>, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4078405-8">Trient</a>, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4090139-7">Brixen</a>, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4076982-3">Saltzburg</a>, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4029175-3">K&#228;rnthen</a>, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4032741-3">Crain</a>, ein Theil von <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4037100-1">Meyland </a>und dem <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4062510-2">Venetianischen Gebiethe</a>; ja sie scheinen gar bis in <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4054598-2">Servien </a>zu gehen...</blockquote>
The Alps had been perceived in a similar way by Italian humanists &#8211; including <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/39382430" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Francesco Petrarca (1304&#8211;1374)">Francesco Petrarca (1304&#8211;1374)</a> in the 14th century &#8211; as a barrier or wall that protected Italy against the north. <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/14773105" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Martin Luther (1483&#8211;1546)">Martin Luther (1483&#8211;1546)</a>, on the other hand, subsequently noted that the mountain range separates <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4104341-8">Germania </a>from Italy. This separating function of the European Alps remained a prominent concept up to the <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/the-versailles-model/peter-jones-enlightenment-philosophy" title="Enlightenment Philosophy">Enlightenment</a> and was highlighted two decades after Zedler by <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/54146831" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Denis Diderot (1713&#8211;1784)">Denis Diderot (1713&#8211;1784)</a> in his Encyclop&#233;die.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_0">1</a>
In the 19th and particularly the 20th century, academics and politicians repeatedly emphasized the role of the Alps as a transit region. This mountainous country was now described as a "cultural bridge between the Mediterranean and <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4075455-8">northern Europe</a>", and its function as a wall and a border was now played down. For example, a study on transport history states that "it is a considerable paradox of the Alps that this colossal mountain range never formed an insurmountable barrier, but rather a connector between east and west, south and north, a contact zone, a node point of economies, ideas and forms." The background to this new perspective was primarily the development of modern <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/threads/backgrounds/transport-and-travel/transport-and-modes-of-transport-travel" title="Transport and Modes of Transport / Travel">means of transportation</a> in the mountain range and the enormous increase in transit traffic across it compared with the early modern period.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_2">2</a>
The regionalism of the post-war period ultimately articulated a third concept: the Alps as a living space for the population resident there. Thus, participants at a congress on the "Future of the Alps" in 1974 noted that the Alps must be described as "European heritage" and as a "nat&#252;rliche, geschichtliche, kulturelle und soziale Einheit von lebenswichtiger Bedeutung", as they had separated, transformed and connected the great currents of civilization:
<blockquote>Aber trotz der manchmal schwierigen Beziehungen und Verbindungen zwischen den V&#246;lkern und den politischen Systemen hat sich eine eigenst&#228;ndige Alpenkultur herausgebildet, und obgleich die Alpen nie eine politische Einheit gekannt haben, lassen Lebensweise und T&#228;tigkeiten ihrer Bev&#246;lkerungen Eigenschaften von auffallender &#196;hnlichkeit erkennen.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_4">3</a></blockquote>
Regardless of the composition of this culture and way of life, it is clear that the Alps had a constantly growing resident population. If one takes the territory defined by the Alpine Convention of 1991, the population in 1500 consisted of around 3.1 million people and grew to 8.5 million by 1900. In 2000, there were already 13.9 million people living in the Alps.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_6">4</a> While the three functions associated with the Alps which were listed above have to be viewed in the context of their respective historical backdrops, at the same time they also indicate different aspects and perspectives. From the outside, the Alps appear more as a dividing or connecting natural space, from the inside they appear more as a cultural or living space.
<h2>From Religion to Language</h2>
Religious and linguistic developments are also an indication of the role of the Alps in European history. During the Reformation, the Alps developed into a <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/bernhard-struck-border-regions" title="Border Regions">border</a> and conflict zone between the Roman church in <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4078023-5">southern Europe</a> and the Protestant territories in the north. In the Alpine region itself almost all areas remained Catholic or were <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/de/threads/crossroads/religionsraeume-und-konfessionsraeume/katholizismus-rekatholisierung-und-regionale-identifikation" title="Katholizismus: Rekatholisierung und regionale Identifikation">re-Catholicized</a> after a period of multi-confessionalism. The Reformation only succeeded at the official level in the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4005783-5">Bernese Oberland</a> and in eastern Switzerland (parts of the Grisons, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4021141-1">Glarus</a>, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4051594-1">St. Gallen</a> and <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4002487-8">Appenzell</a>). This religious geography was the result of hard confrontations in the era of <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/de/threads/buendnisse-und-kriege/krieg-als-motor-des-transfers/religionskriege-reformation-die-wachsende-macht-der-habsburger-und-die-wandlung-internationaler-beziehungen/religionskriege-reformation-die-wachsende-macht-der-habsburger-und-die-wandlung-internationaler-beziehungen-1500-1648" title="Religionskriege: Reformation, die wachsende Macht der Habsburger und die Wandlung internationaler Beziehungen (1500-1648)">confessionalism</a> in the 16th and 17th centuries.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_8">5</a>
To counteract the spread of Reformation thought, the Roman Curia convened a great council in Trent in 1545. This Alpine town on the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4090063-0">Brenner Pass route</a> was chosen because Emperor <a data-class="external-link" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/88598818/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Emperor Charles V (1500&#8211;1558)">Charles V (1500&#8211;1558)</a> wanted to have the gathering inside the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/2035457-5">Holy Roman Empire</a> and <a data-class="external-link" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/51803934/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Pope Paul III (1468&#8211;1549)">Pope Paul III (1468&#8211;1549)</a> wanted it to be as far south as possible. The council discussed not only the church's clear rejection of Protestantism, but also possible reforms of the Catholic church. The resulting clarification and hardening of confessional positions then led to a long series of conflicts. For example, fighting raged in the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4079204-3">western Alps</a> in the late-16th century between Catholics and Calvinist <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/confessional-migration/ute-lotz-heumann-confessional-migration-of-the-reformed-the-huguenots" title="Confessional Migration of the Reformed: The Huguenots">Huguenots</a>, and subsequently repeatedly flared up again.
Also in the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4108175-4">Valtellina</a>, a southern Alpine valley, a religious conflict that was discussed throughout <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4015701-5">Europe</a> broke out in the early-17th century. From 1512 onward, the Valtellina belonged to the predominantly Reformed Grisons, but in terms of church administration it belonged to the diocese of <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4085313-5">Como</a>, and <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4050471-2">Rome</a> sought to establish a "bulwark against heresy" there. The Habsburg territory of Milan, on the other hand, used the conflict between the predominantly Catholic inhabitants and their Protestant rulers to bring the strategically important valley under its influence. In 1620, the Valtellina was occupied by <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4055964-6">Spain</a>, but was soon transferred back to the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4075613-0">Habsburgs</a>, until it was ultimately incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy, which was founded in 1861.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_10">6</a> In the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4075724-9">eastern Alps</a> &#8211; more specifically in the prince-archbishopric of Salzburg &#8211; the last big religiously motivated <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/confessional-migration/lutheran-confessional-migration/alexander-schunka-lutheran-confessional-migration" title="Lutheran Confessional Migration">mass expulsion</a> in European history occurred in 1731. The government of the staunchly Catholic archbishopric expelled from its territory about 20,000 people who secretly adhered to the Protestant faith<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/mediainfo/the-expulsion-of-the-protestants-from-salzburg" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="The Expulsion of the Protestants from Salzburg"><img alt="Die Vertreibung der Protestanten aus Salzburg IMG" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/bevoelkerungstheorie-bilderordner/die-vertreibung-der-protestanten-aus-salzburg-img/@@images/image/thumb" title="Die Vertreibung der Protestanten aus Salzburg IMG"></a>; most of them fled to <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4047194-9">Prussia</a>.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_12">7</a>
While religion gradually lost its power to shape identities, language became more politically loaded during the course of the emergence of nation-states from the 18th century onward. The Alpine region was (and is) a linguistic zone of contact, in which the three great language families that dominate Europe meet: the Romance, the Germanic and the Slavic families. Each family experienced its own macro- and micro-linguistic developments, which in this contact zone resulted in a richly diverse <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/mosaic-of-languages/harald-haarmann-europes-mosaic-of-languages">linguistic geography</a>. Parallel to the romantic nationalist ambitions of many minorities, from the late-19th century linguists began to identify the many dialects<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/mediainfo/linguistic-groups-in-the-alpine-region" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Linguistic Groups in the Alpine Region "><img alt="Sprachgruppen im Alpenraum IMG" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/alpenraum-bilderordner/sprachgruppen-im-alpenraum-img/@@images/image/thumb" title="Sprachgruppen im Alpenraum IMG"></a> of the Alpine region, for example Proven&#231;al and Franco- Proven&#231;al in the western Alps, Italo-Romansh in <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4036294-2">Lombardy </a>and the Venetian region of the Alps, as well as Romansh in parts of the Grisons, in the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4012682-1">Dolomites </a>and in <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4018494-8">Friuli</a>.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_14">8</a>
The struggle to assert the rights of languages with varying distributions often featured historical and geographical arguments. In the Alpine region, tensions involving language arose in many places. These tensions increased from the late-19th century onward in the context of Italian Irredentism, which laid claim to so-called "unredeemed" regions of the Alps on behalf of the "fatherland" established in 1861. After the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Tyrol was divided at the Brenner Pass in 1919. This created a very tense situation in <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4078047-8">South Tirol</a>, which fell to Italy even though it was German-speaking. The situation also became difficult in <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4055972-5">southern Carinthia</a>, as the Slovenian-speaking population there suffered from 1918 as a result of tensions between the young <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4028966-7">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> and the Austrian federal state of Carinthia.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_16">9</a>
<h2>State Formation and Regionalism</h2>
Political space formation in Europe can be described as a concentration process, during the course of which an ever smaller number of states were left with ever larger territories. In the case of the Alpine region, we can trace this development in the encyclopaedias. Zedler, for example, listed more than a dozen political entities in the Alps in 1732, from Nice in the west to Carinthia in the east. These were a patchwork of counties, dukedoms, provinces and republics. By 1900<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/mediainfo/political-divisions-of-the-alpine-region-before-1790-and-1900" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Political divisions of the Alpine region, before 1790 and 1900"><img alt="Jon Mathieu, Politische Gliederung des Alpenraums, vor 1790 und 1900, undatierte Grafik, in: Jon Mathieu: Geschichte der Alpen 1500-1900. Umwelt, Entwicklung, Gesellschaft, Wien 1998. &#9400; Jon Mathieu." class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/alpenraum-bilderordner/politische-gliederung-des-alpenraums-vor-1790-und-1900-img/@@images/image/thumb" title="Politische Gliederung des Alpenraums, vor 1790 und 1900 IMG"></a> the encyclopaedias no longer listed these small entities, but instead named the states which had a share of the Alps to which they now belonged: the Austrian Monarchy, the Kingdom of Italy, the French Republic and the Swiss Confederation. In spite of, or perhaps because of this reduction, the Alps had become a region with a high concentration of borders in the political sense also.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_18">10</a>
Fundamental to this was the uneven distribution<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/mediainfo/cities-with-populations-of-5-000-or-more-in-the-alps-and-surrounding-territory-1800" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Cities with Populations of 5,000 or more in the Alps and Surrounding Territory, 1800"><img alt="St&#228;dte mit 5.000 und mehr Einwohnern in den Alpen und im Umland, 1800 IMG" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/alpenraum-bilderordner/staedte-mit-5.000-und-mehr-einwohnern-in-den-alpen-und-im-umland-1800-img/@@images/image/thumb" title="St&#228;dte mit 5.000 und mehr Einwohnern in den Alpen und im Umland, 1800 IMG"></a> of larger cities and power centres in Europe. From the beginning of the process of state formation in the late-medieval period, the political centres were situated at the periphery of, or outside the Alpine region. However, this distance from the centres of power also brought a relatively high degree of regional and local autonomy. Examples of this can be found in large parts of the mountain range, from the west to the east, on the southern slopes as well as on the northern side. The increasing interdependence between states, the intensification of administration and the emergence of nationalism in the 18th and particularly the 19th century brought the mountain regions politically closer to the power centres of the surrounding territories, but also increased their dependence on the latter.
This dual process can be easily traced in the process of border formation. The nationalization of the Alps resulted on the one hand in local and regional divides losing significance and the small territories becoming increasingly integrated into larger regions. On the other hand, the borders between the nation-states now became serious barriers for the first time, as they were now supported by new fervent collective ideologies and an increasing militarization. This international militarization manifested itself most dramatically during the First World War, during which Italy and Austria-Hungary engaged in bloody static warfare in the Alps. The front line, which was several hundred kilometres long, ran right along the mountain range, much of it above 2,000 metres in altitude, so that the climate and the dangerous terrain alone resulted in numerous casualties.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_20">11</a>
There were also significant border changes during this period. From the late-medieval period onward, the French-speaking Savoy-Piedmont developed into a transalpine state with its centre in <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4061245-4">Turin</a>. In the 19th century, it became the starting point of the movement for Italian unification, but in 1860 it had to cede the Savoy part to France. As already referred to, the Tyrol was also divided at the Brenner Pass after the First World War, and the south was transferred to the Kingdom of Italy. This meant that the state borders ran along the ridge of the range almost everywhere. The only exception was Switzerland, which remained transalpine with the retention of the southern valleys of the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4693466-2">Grisons </a>and <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4078208-6">Ticino</a>. This was due not least to the localism of the country, which resisted the centralization of the modern period and the correspondent separatist tendencies, and which is reflected in the multilingualism which remains a feature of Switzerland right up to the present.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_22">12</a>
After the Second World War, the remoteness of the regions of the Alps was viewed more that ever as a problem. There was a view that the region was not a high priority and was neglected by the centres. European integration created for the first time the possibility of renegotiating the relationship with these centres. Regionalism emerged particularly strongly in the Alpine region with its high concentration of borders and expressed itself between 1972 and 1982 in the foundation of three cross-border working groups at the regional level. In 1991, the framework agreement for the "Alpine Convention" was signed at the state level. In it the states together with the European Community committed to pursuing special environmental and development policies in the Alpine region.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_24">13</a>
<h2>Terribly Beautiful Alps</h2>
<blockquote>La&#223;t uns GOTT ein Opfer bringen / Und, Sein Allmacht zu erh&#246;hn, / Auch der Berge Bau besingen, / Die so ungeheuer sch&#246;n, / Da&#223; sie uns zugleich ergetzen / Und auch in Erstaunen setzen, / Ihre Gr&#246;&#223; erregt uns Lust / Ihre G&#228;he schreckt die Brust.</blockquote>
This poem is contained in the nine-volume collection of poetry entitled Irdisches Vergn&#252;gen in Gott by the Hamburg writer <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/14849083" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes (1680&#8211;1747)">Barthold Heinrich Brockes (1680&#8211;1747)</a>, who crossed the Alps on a journey to Italy shortly after 1700. This text is just one of many dealing with the Alps &#8211; during the transition to the modern period, the European elites developed a cultural and intellectual interest in the mountains, as evidenced by a series of famous publications: <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/98217692" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Josias Simler (1530&#8211;1576)">Josias Simler (1530&#8211;1576)</a>, De Alpibus Commentarius (Commentary on the Alps, 1574); <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/17355975" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Marc Lescarbot (ca. 1570&#8211;1642)">Marc Lescarbot (ca. 1570&#8211;1642)</a>, Tableau de la Suisse (1618); <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/49234879" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Albrecht von Haller (1708&#8211;1777)">Albrecht von Haller (1708&#8211;1777)</a>, Die Alpen (1732); <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/100184045" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712&#8211;1778)">Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712&#8211;1778)</a>, Julie ou la nouvelle Helo&#239;se (Julie or the New Helo&#239;se, 1761); <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/96994450" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Friedrich Schiller (1759&#8211;1805)">Friedrich Schiller (1759&#8211;1805)</a>, Wilhelm Tell (1804).<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_26">14</a>
The Alps gained real prominence as a literary theme with the publication of Rousseau's romantic novel Julie ou la nouvelle Helo&#239;se, one of the highest selling novels of the pre-revolutionary period. The novel's original title Lettres de deux amans, Habitans d'une petite ville au pied des Alpes (Letters of two Lovers Living in a Small Town at the Foot of the Alps) indicates that the Alps are not a randomly chosen setting in the novel, but serve instead as a dramatic natural backdrop<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/mediainfo/julie-ou-la-nouvelle-heloise-1761" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Julie, ou la Nouvelle H&#233;lo&#239;se (1761) "><img alt="Julie, ou la Nouvelle H&#233;lo&#239;se 1761 IMG" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/alpenraum-bilderordner/julie-ou-la-nouvelle-heloise-1761/@@images/image/thumb" title="Julie, ou la Nouvelle H&#233;lo&#239;se 1761 IMG"></a> and an echo chamber of emotions. This sudden increase in the attention that the Alps received in broader society prompted contemporaries and subsequently academics to divide the history of the perception of the Alps into two qualitatively different periods. In the older, "dark" phase, mountains and particularly the Alps were viewed as terrifying, abhorrent and ugly, it was claimed. In the second, "bright" phase, by contrast, they were viewed as an attractive, sublime, romantic place. More recent research has revised this simplistic view by pointing to the numerous positive representations in the older period and to the persistence of negative representations in the 19th and 20th centuries. The change thus consisted primarily of a dramatic increase in attention.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_28">15</a>
A similar trend occurred in painting as in literature. From the transition to the modern period and particularly from the 18th century onward, the Alps were repeatedly drawn and painted by artists. The great landscape painting<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/mediainfo/alpine-triptych-werden-detail-189820131899" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Alpine Triptych: Werden, Detail (1898&#8211;1899) "><img alt="Giovanni Segantini (1858&#8211;1899), Alpen-Triptychon: Werden, Detail, 1898&#8211;1899, &#214;l auf Leinwand, St. Moritz, Segantini-Museum http://www.segantini-museum.ch." class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/alpenraum-bilderordner/alpen-triptychon-werden-detail-img/@@images/image/thumb" title="Alpen-Triptychon: Werden, Detail IMG"></a> of the 19th century also took a keen interest in the mountain range, often depicting it in a dramatic<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/mediainfo/snow-storm-hannibal-and-his-army-crossing-the-alps-181020131812" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army crossing the Alps (1810&#8211;1812) "><img alt="Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775&#8211;1851), Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army crossing the Alps, &#214;l auf Leinwand, 1810&#8211;1812; Bildquelle: Tate Gallery London, http://www.tate.org.uk." class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/alpenraum-bilderordner/snow-storm-hannibal-and-his-army-crossing-the-alps-img/@@images/image/thumb" title="Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army crossing the Alps IMG"></a> form and sometimes with a spiritual message. Parallel to this, a vocabulary entered common usage which came from the liminal areas of aesthetic and religious experience. People spoke of the feeling of "delightful horror", the concept of the "sublime" became central, and the mountains became "cathedrals of the earth". Thus, in general terms a medialized, that is, literarized and visualized landscape emerged.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_30">16</a>
This emphatic turning towards the Alps expressed itself in various spatial and temporal variants. The interest of the Enlightenment in the 18th century concentrated to a large degree on Switzerland and the neighbouring <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4115201-3">Mont Blanc region</a>. This Philhelvetism was motivated in particular by the political idea that the mountainous regions of Switzerland possessed exemplary liberties. The Austrian Alps were just as easily accessible from many German cities, but the real "discovery" of the eastern Alps did not occur until after 1800 in the romantic period, and international interest appears to have played less of a role in this than in the case of Switzerland. In Italy, by contrast, national unification in the 1860s was an important factor in the turning towards the Alps, which now formed a common border and thus a unifying bond of the country.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_32">17</a>
<h2>A Playground of Europe</h2>
The modern interest in the world of the mountains was an expression of a changed <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/threads/backgrounds/nature-and-environment/nils-freytag-nature-and-environment" title="Nature and Environment">understanding of nature</a> and was connected with a whole series of economic, political and cultural factors: urbanization and the intensification of agriculture, as well as the increasing scarcity of uncultivated <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/threads/backgrounds/nature-and-environment/frank-uekoetter-land" title="Land">land</a>; improvements in <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/threads/backgrounds/news-distribution/andreas-wuergler-national-and-transnational-news-distribution-1400-1800" title="National and Transnational News Distribution 1400&#8211;1800">communication</a> and transportation; the search for national identity with reference to natural spaces; scientific and religious developments; social differentiation by means of new styles. While travellers in the early modern period had primarily visited cities, courts and ancient monuments on their <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/educational-journey-grand-tour/hildegard-fruebis-artist-journeys-the-example-of-egypt" title="Artist Journeys: The Example of Egypt">"grand tours"</a>, the Alps with its spectacular views of nature now also became a <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/the-history-of-tourism/burkhart-lauterbach-the-mountain-calls-alpine-tourism-and-cultural-transfer-since-the-18th-century">travel destination</a> of societal significance. This is reflected by the number of accounts of travels in Switzerland that were published, which rose from 65 in the first half of the 18th century to 460 in the second half of the century. The words "tourist" and <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/the-history-of-tourism/ueli-gyr-the-history-of-tourism" title="The History of Tourism: Structures on the Path to Modernity">"tourism"</a> appeared in the English language for the first time in the years around 1800. A short time later, they were already in use in various languages.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_34">18</a>
<a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4050044-5">Mount Rigi</a>, a mountain massif of the Alps with a view of the higher peaks and the lakelands around the city of <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4036733-2">Lucerne</a>, became a meeting place for the European elites. From 1871, a cog railway<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/mediainfo/vitznau-rigi-railway" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Vitznau-Rigi Railway "><img alt="Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn	" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/alpenraum-bilderordner/vitznau-rigi-bahn/@@images/image/thumb" title="Vitznau-Rigi-Bahn"></a>, a much admired innovation of modern technology, ran up to the summit, where a range of tourist accommodation soon became available. The gentrified hotel life on Mount Rigi with its obligatory admiration of nature soon gave rise to satire (for example by <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/50566653" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Mark Twain (1835&#8211;1910)">Mark Twain (1835&#8211;1910)</a> in A Tramp Abroad<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/mediainfo/music-of-switzerland-1880" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Music of Switzerland (1880)"><img alt="Music of Switzerland IMG" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/alpenraum-bilderordner/music-of-switzerland-img/@@images/image/thumb" title="Music of Switzerland IMG"></a> in 1880). The town of <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4027718-5">Bad Ischl</a> in the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4051442-0">Salzkammergut </a>region of Austria, which from the mid-19th century was the Alpine summer residence of the Austrian imperial family and its entourage, also gained an illustrious reputation. While in the 18th and early-19th centuries the Alps had primarily been a symbol of republican freedom, they now also acquired a monarchist and nationalist aspect.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_36">19</a>
The daring assault on the highest peaks of the range by naturalists and mountain climbers from the European urban centres also attracted much attention. While the first ascent of Mont Blanc in 1786 had had a scientific motivation, during the course of the 19th century mountaineering developed into a sport, whose participants began to refer to themselves as "alpinists" to distinguish themselves from the growing hordes of "tourists". Characteristic of this new trend was the publication in 1871 of a collection of articles on mountain expeditions by <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/29561082" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Leslie Stephen (1832&#8211;1904)">Leslie Stephen (1832&#8211;1904)</a>[<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/mediainfo/leslie-stephen-and-the-mountain-guide-melchior-anderegg-ca.-1870" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Leslie Stephen and the Mountain Guide Melchior Anderegg, ca. 1870"><img alt="Leslie Stephen mit dem Bergf&#252;hrer Melchior Anderegg, ca. 1870 IMG" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/alpentourismus-bilderordner/leslie-stephen-mit-dem-bergfuehrer-melchior-anderegg-ca.-1870/@@images/image/thumb" title="Leslie Stephen mit dem Bergf&#252;hrer Melchior Anderegg, ca. 1870 IMG"></a>] under the title The Playground of Europe. Among the competitive, macho mountaineering milieu, the first ascent of a peak was not acknowledged unless it was documented. In the first half of the 19th century, 210 such first ascents were made, in the second half of the century it was more than 1,000. This boom was driven by the Alpine clubs which came into being in all European countries from 1857 onward.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_38">20</a>
Subsequently, this affluent, confident milieu of mountain enthusiasts also developed sports which made use of the snow and ice of the Alps: ice skating, curling, tobogganing, bobsleighing, skiing and others. Skiing became particularly popular as it was promoted by the Alpine clubs and the military and it often symbolized a new lifestyle and a new body culture. In the interwar period, the system of ski lifts necessary for skiing was developed in the mountains. With the emergence of these sports, there was a general shift from summer to winter in Alpine tourism.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_40">21</a>
<h2>Transfer Processes &#8211; Material and Conceptual</h2>
The fact that there were cities on both sides of the mountain range whose economies continued to grow over the longer term created a necessary prerequisite for transalpine trade. Estimates of the volume of this trade assume that the Brenner Pass was always the main route for this trade. It was possible to cross the mountains via the Brenner Pass with a horse-drawn carriage as early as the 15th century, while the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4077005-9">Gotthard Pass</a>, for example, did not have a road for carriages until 1830. The annual volume of goods transported through the Brenner Pass around 1500 is estimated at 5,000 tonnes; it is estimated at 12,000&#8211;14,000 tonnes around 1734 and 100,000 tonnes around 1840. As the first train drove over the Brenner Pass in 1867, about 50 freight wagons would have been enough to carry the entire annual transport volume of 1500.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_44">22</a> In addition to trade across the Alps, there were also numerous other kinds of mobility and exchange, which all contributed to an extent to cultural change.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_46">23</a> The special popularity which the Alps enjoyed from the 18th century onward facilitated new forms of <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/threads/theories-and-methods/cultural-transfer/wolfgang-schmale-cultural-transfer" title="Cultural Transfer">cultural transfer</a> in both directions, of which the following are just some examples:
<ul>
<li>The "grand hotel": This type of building spread throughout Europe in the first half of the 19th century, first in the larger cities and famous spa resorts, and it subsequently also conquered various regions of the Alps. The grand hotel was based on aristocratic models, and was characterized by an emphasis on grandeur and expensive infrastructure. <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4042898-9">Upper Engadine</a> and, in particular, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4105326-6">St Moritz</a> became famous upmarket tourist destinations. The latter had been a village of 228 inhabitants in 1850, but had grown to more than ten times that size by the eve of the First World War. In the intervening period, more than 30 hotels had been built there. Like the upper-class tourism that it benefitted from, there was also an international flavour to its architecture. For example, Badrutt's Palace Hotel<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/mediainfo/badrutts-palace-hotel" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Badrutt's Palace Hotel "><img alt="Hotel Badrutt's Palace, Stra&#223;enseite, Farbphotographie, 2008, Photograph: Herbert Klaeren, Bildquelle: Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BadruttStrasse.jpg?uselang=de. " class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/alpenraum-bilderordner/hotel-badrutts-palace-img/@@images/image/thumb" title="Hotel Badrutt's Palace IMG"></a>, which was completed in St. Moritz in 1896, had battlements, turrets and pointed arches in the English neo-Gothic style.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_48">24</a></li>
<li>The "chalet Suisse": While the grand hotel was imported into the Alps, the "chalet Suisse"<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/en/mediainfo/le-grand-chalet" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Le Grand Chalet "><img alt="Le Grand Chalet IMG" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/alpenraum-bilderordner/le-grand-chalet-img/@@images/image/thumb" title="Le Grand Chalet IMG"></a> was exported from the Alps during the same period. By combining various elements of the traditional block-style house of the Bernese Oberland and of the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4078982-2">Vaud</a>, architects constructed a new traditionalist style of house. In the second half of the 19th century, a veritable chalet industry emerged, which sold prefabricated building components to clients throughout Europe. The rapid growth of exhibitions contributed to this form of cultural transfer. In addition to the "modern" advances of the western world, numerous <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/knowledge-spaces/alexander-c-t-geppert-worlds-fairs">international exhibitions</a> also presented "traditional" and <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/european-encounters/anne-dreesbach-colonial-exhibitions-voelkerschauen-and-the-display-of-the-other">"exotic"</a> topics. The Alps often featured in these exhibitions in the form of the "village Suisse".<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_50">25</a></li>
<li>A landscape model: From the Enlightenment onward, the Alps and in particular Switzerland became an aesthetic model, which established itself as the standard by which landscapes were evaluated. Anyone who wanted to draw attention to the beauty of a region had to compare it with Switzerland. This cultural transfer was made particularly apparent by toponymical coinages such as the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4051225-3">s&#228;chsische Schweiz</a> (Saxon Switzerland) and the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4018035-9">fr&#228;nkische Schweiz</a> (Franconian Switzerland). At present, there are about two hundred places around the world in almost sixty countries on all continents named after Switzerland, from the "Argentinian Switzerland" in the area of <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4118321-6">San Carlos de Bariloche</a> to the "Siberian Switzerland" in the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4001377-7">Altai Mountains</a>. However, one third of these "Switzerlands" are in Germany and another third are in the rest of Europe. Most of these coinages came about between the late-18th and the early-20th centuries; after that "Switzerland" became less attractive as a sobriquet.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_52">26</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>"Alps" around the Globe</h2>
From the transition to the modern period onward, the Alps with their special environment were also an important research landscape. In many cases it was naturalists who awakened interest in the region, preceding the writers and painters in this regard. Among the famous Alpine explorers were <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/49308476" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672&#8211;1733)">Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672&#8211;1733)</a> from Zurich, who published his Itinera alpina tria (Three Alpine Journeys) in 1708, and <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/36924377" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Horace-B&#233;n&#233;dict de Saussure (1740&#8211;1799)">Horace-B&#233;n&#233;dict de Saussure (1740&#8211;1799)</a>[<a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/mediainfo/horace-benedict-de-saussure-am-montblanc-1790" rel="noopener" title="Horace-B&#233;n&#233;dict de on Mont Blanc in 1790 "><img alt="Horace-B&#233;n&#233;dict de Saussure am Montblanc-Gipfel 1790 IMG" class="image-inline" src="./illustrationen/geschichte-des-tourismus/horace-benedict-de-saussure-am-montblanc-gipfel-1790/@@images/image/thumb" title="Horace-B&#233;n&#233;dict de Saussure am Montblanc-Gipfel 1790 IMG"></a>] from Geneva, who became famous through the publication of his Voyages dans les Alpes (Travels in the Alps) between 1779 and 1796. Among his admirers was <a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/95193235" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Alexander von Humboldt (1769&#8211;1859)">Alexander von Humboldt (1769&#8211;1859)</a>, whose work clearly demonstrates the prominent position which the Alps held in nature studies. Before Humboldt undertook his voyage to <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4078014-4">South America</a> (1799&#8211;1804), he spent three separate periods in the Alps. After his return from the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4001670-5">New World</a>, he published a list of 125 mountains whose heights had been measured, which was viewed as an indicator of advanced research. One third of these were in the Alpine region, which in terms of area only constitutes a tiny portion of all the mountainous regions worldwide.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_54">27</a>
This model-like function that the Alps performed in western culture is confirmed by other indicators. For example, Humboldt and his contemporaries often made comparisons with the Alpine range when attempting to describe the mountain ranges of other continents. Like the use of "Switzerland" as a sobriquet for other regions, in the 18th and 19th century the name "Alps" was exported worldwide, resulting in the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4028495-5">Japanese</a> Alp, the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4058820-8">Szechuan </a>Alps in <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4009937-4">China</a>, the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4003900-6">Australian </a>Alps, the Southern Alp in <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4041915-0">New Zealand</a>, the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4029456-0">Canadian </a>Alps, the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4116046-0">Pontic</a> Alps, the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4078027-2">Transylvanian Alps</a> and others. Some of these name transfers were short-lived, while others have remained in use up to the present.<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_56">28</a>
When after the First World War the modern Olympic Games were supplemented by the addition of the new winter sports, the same pattern emerged in the 20th century. Officially, these sports consisted of disciplines that were conducted "on snow and ice". However, this required special natural and technological prerequisites that existed in very few regions outside the Alps. This did not accord with the universalist ambitions of the Olympic movement, which partly explains why the Winter Games were not placed on a firm institutional footing until after the Summer Games had become established. The first Winter Olympics took place in 1924 in <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4085208-8">Chamonix</a> at the foot of Mont Blanc. Between then and mid-century, they took place in St. Moritz (1928 and 1948) and <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4019275-1">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a> (1936). The committee only opted for a venue outside of the European Alpine region once during this period, <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4034143-4">Lake Placid</a> in the <a itemprop="url" class="external-geo-link" data-class="external-geo-link" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4078704-7">USA</a> (1932).<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_58">29</a>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
As a result of its accentuated relief, the Alpine region formed an obstacle to travel flows and communication processes between northern and southern Europe. This manifested itself particularly in the prevalence of borders &#8211; religious, linguistic and state borders. From the 18th century onward, the Alpine region also attracted interest in the context of a growing enthusiasm for nature. This resulted in the established transfer processes being supplemented and overlaid by others. The examples of architectural exchange and landscape aesthetics are discussed above. Toponymical coinages using "Switzerland" and "Alps" demonstrate that in the era of <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/colonialism-and-imperialism/benedikt-stuchtey-colonialism-and-imperialism-1450-1950">colonial-imperialist</a> <a data-class="internal-link" href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/globalization/ulrich-pfister-globalization">globalization</a> this process exerted an influence far beyond the borders of Europe, such that the Alps have been described as "an exceptional mountain range" (une montagne exceptionelle).<a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_60">30</a> In view of the Alpine population and the interest in the Alps described above, one can certainly agree with this. However, the reason for this lay not only in the spectacular landscape of this mountainous region, but also in its unusual location in the midst of densely populated countries of a continent in flux.
<a data-class="external-link" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/201813690/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Jon Mathieu (born 1952)">Jon Mathieu</a>
</div> <h2>Appendix</h2>
<h3>Sources</h3>
[Anonymous]: Art. "Alpen", in: Meyers Konversationslexikon 1 (1885), p. 394. URL: <a href="http://www.retrobibliothek.de/retrobib/seite.html?id=100592" rel="noopener" target="_blank">http://www.retrobibliothek.de/retrobib/seite.html?id=100592</a> [2025-01-02]
Diderot, Denis et al. (ed.): Art. "Alpes", in: Encyclop&#233;die ou dictionnaire raisonn&#233; des sciences, des arts et des m&#233;tiers 1 (1751), p. 295. URL: <a href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k50533b/f354.item.texteImage" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k50533b/f354.item.texteImage</a> [2025-01-02]
Reichler, Claude / Roland Ruffieux (ed.): Le voyage en Suisse: Anthologie des voyageurs fran&#231;ais et europ&#233;ens de la Renaissance au XXe si&#232;cle, Paris 1998.
Luther, Martin: Vorlesung &#252;ber das Deuteronomium 1523/24, in: Martin Luther: Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe, Weimar 1883&#8211;2009, Abteilung Schriften, vol. 14, pp. 489&#8211;744. URL: <a data-class="external-link" href="http://archive.org/details/werkekritischege14luthuoft" rel="noopener" target="_blank">http://archive.org/details/werkekritischege14luthuoft</a> [2025-01-02]
St&#228;ndiges Sekretariat der Alpenkonvention (ed.): Alpenkonvention: Nachschlagewerk, Innsbruck 2010.
St&#228;ndiges Sekretariat der Alpenkonvention (ed.): Report on the State of the Alps, Innsbruck 2007.
Weiss, Richard (ed.): Die Entdeckung der Alpen: Eine Sammlung schweizerischer und deutscher Alpenliteratur bis zum Jahr 1800, Frauenfeld 1934.
Zedler, Johann Heinrich (ed.): Art. "Alpen, Berge", in: Grosses vollst&#228;ndiges Universal-Lexikon aller Wissenschaften und K&#252;nste 1 (1732), p. 1334.
<h3>Literature</h3>
Bergier, Jean-Fran&#231;ois: Pour une histoire des Alpes, Moyen Age et Temps modernes, Hampshire 1997.
Bergier, Jean-Fran&#231;ois et al. (ed.): La d&#233;couverte des Alpes, Basel 1992.
Boscani Leoni, Simona (ed.): Wissenschaft &#8211; Berge &#8211; Ideologien: Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672&#8211;1733) und die fr&#252;hneuzeitliche Naturforschung, Basel 2010.
Bourdon, &#201;tienne: Le voyage et la d&#233;couverte des Alpes: Histoire de la construction d'un savoir (1492&#8211;1713), Paris 2011.
Braudel, Fernand: Das Mittelmeer und die mediterrane Welt in der Epoche Philipps II., Frankfurt am Main 1990, vol. 1&#8211;3.
Busset, Thomas (ed.): Tourisme et changements culturels / Tourismus und kultureller Wandel, Z&#252;rich 2004 (Geschichte der Alpen 9). URL:&#160;<a href="https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=hda-001%3A2004%3A9" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.e-periodica.ch/digbib/view?pid=hda-001%3A2004%3A9</a> [2025-01-02]
Busset, Thomas et al. (ed.): Pour une histoire des sport d'hiver / Zur Geschichte des Wintersports, Neuch&#226;tel 2006.
Cuaz, Marco: Le Alpi, Bologna 2005.
Danz, Walter (ed.): Die Zukunft der Alpen: Dokumentation ausgew&#228;hlter Beitr&#228;ge des Internationalen Symposiums "Die Zukunft der Alpen" vom 31.8 bis 6.9.74 in Trento-Trient, Munich 1975, vol. 1&#8211;2.
Dopsch, Heinz / Spatzenegger, Hans: Geschichte Salzburgs: Stadt und Land, vol. 1&#8211;8.
Felsch, Philipp: Laborlandschaften: Physiologische Alpenreisen im 19. Jahrhundert, G&#246;ttingen 2007.
Fontaine, Laurence: Pouvoir, identit&#233;s et migrations dans les hautes vall&#233;es des Alpes occidentales (XVIIe&#8211;XVIIIe si&#232;cle), Grenoble 2003.
Frei, Philippe: Globale Transferprozesse der Moderne: Die Nachbenennungen "Alpen" und "Schweiz" im 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert, Bern 2017.
Furter, Reto: Fr&#252;hneuzeitlicher Transitverkehr &#252;ber die Alpen, in: Hans-Ulrich Schiedt et al. (ed.): Verkehrsgeschichte &#8211; Histoire des transports, Z&#252;rich 2010, pp. 109&#8211;119.
Greyerz, Kaspar von: Religion und Kultur: Europa 1500&#8211;1800, G&#246;ttingen 2000.
Guichonnet, Paul: Histoire de l'annexion de la Savoie &#224; la France, Roanne 1982.
Guichonnet, Paul (ed.): Histoire et Civilisations des Alpes, Toulouse et al. 1980, vol. 1&#8211;2.
Hellmuth, Thomas: Die "Erfindung" des Salzkammerguts: Imaginationen alpiner R&#228;ume und ihre gesellschaftliche Funktionen, in: Jon Mathieu et al. (ed.): Die Alpen! Zur europ&#228;ischen Wahrnehmungsgeschichte seit der Renaissance / Les Alpes! Pour une histoire de la perception europ&#233;enne depuis la Renaissance, Bern 2005, pp. 349&#8211;363.
Hentschel, Uwe: Mythos Schweiz: Zum deutschen literarischen Philhelvetismus zwischen 1700 und 1850, T&#252;bingen 2002.
Hoibian, Olivier (ed.): L'invention de l'alpinisme: La montagne et l'affirmation de la bourgeoisie cultiv&#233;e (1786&#8211;1914), Paris 2008.
Huwyler, Edwin: Verkaufsschlager Schweizer Chalet, 18.&#8211;20. Jahrhundert, in: Geschichte der Alpen 16 (2011), pp. 91&#8211;110. URL:&#160;<a href="http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-392034" rel="noopener" target="_blank">http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-392034</a> [2025-01-02]
Internationale Alpenschutzkommission CIPRA (ed.): CIPRA 1952&#8211;1992: Dokumente, Initiativen, Perspektiven: F&#252;r eine bessere Zukunft der Alpen, Vaduz 1992.
Internationale Gesellschaft f&#252;r historische Alpenforschung (ed.): Histoire des Alpes &#8211; Storia delle Alpi &#8211; Geschichte der Alpen, Z&#252;rich 1996&#8211;[in publication].
Ischler Heimatverein: Bad Ischl: Ein Heimatbuch, Linz 1966.
Joutard, Philippe: L'invention du mont Blanc, Paris 1986.
Jouty, Sylvain (ed.): Dictionnaire des Alpes, Grenoble 2006 (Dictionnaire Encyclop&#233;dique des Alpes 1).
K&#228;lin, Adi: Rigi &#8211; mehr als ein Berg, Baden 2012.
Krober, Pascal / Vulliamy, Dominique (ed.): Encyclop&#233;die des Alpes, Grenoble 2006 (Dictionnaire Encyclop&#233;dique des Alpes 2).
Mathieu, Jon: Alpenwahrnehmung: Probleme der Historischen Periodisierung, in: Jon Mathieu et al. (ed.): Die Alpen! Zur europ&#228;ischen Wahrnehmungsgeschichte seit der Renaissance / Les Alpes! Pour une histoire de la perception europ&#233;enne depuis la Renaissance, Bern 2005, pp. 53&#8211;72.
Mathieu, Jon: Geschichte der Alpen 1500&#8211;1900: Umwelt, Entwicklung, Gesellschaft, Vienna 1998. URL:&#160;<a href="https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205128311" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205128311</a> [2025-01-02]
Mathieu, Jon: Die dritte Dimension: Eine vergleichende Geschichte der Berge in der Neuzeit, Basel 2011.
Mathieu, Jon: Landschaftsgeschichte global: Wahrnehmung und Bedeutung von Bergen im internationalen Austausch des 18. bis 20. Jahrhunderts, in: Schweizerische Zeitschrift f&#252;r Geschichte 60 (2010), pp. 412&#8211;427. URL:&#160;<a href="http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-170034" rel="noopener" target="_blank">http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-170034</a> [2025-01-02]
Mathieu, Jon: Zwei Staaten, ein Gebirge: Schweizerische und &#246;sterreichische Alpenperzeption im Vergleich (18.&#8211;20. Jahrhundert), in: &#214;sterreichische Zeitschrift f&#252;r Geschichtswissenschaften 15,2 (2004), pp. 91&#8211;105. URL:&#160;<a href="https://doi.org/10.25365/oezg-2004-15-2-6" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.25365/oezg-2004-15-2-6</a> [2025-01-02]
Mathieu, Jon et al. (ed.): Die Alpen! Zur europ&#228;ischen Wahrnehmungsgeschichte seit der Renaissance / Les Alpes! Pour une histoire de la perception europ&#233;enne depuis la Renaissance, Bern 2005.
Moritsch, Andreas (ed.): Die K&#228;rntner Slovenen 1900&#8211;2000: Bilanz des 20. Jahrhunderts, Klagenfurt et al. 2000.
Nicolson, Marjorie Hope: Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory: The Development of the Aesthetics of the Infinite, Seattle 1997 (1st edition 1959).
Pastore, Alessandro (ed.): I villagi alpini: Le identit&#224; nazionali alle grandi esposizioni, Turin 2011.
Peyer, Hans Conrad: Verfassungsgeschichte der alten Schweiz, Z&#252;rich 1978.
Pfister, Ulrich (ed.): Regional Development and Commercial Infrastructure in the Alps: Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries, Basel 2002.
Piatti, Barbara: Die Geographie der Literatur: Schaupl&#228;tze, Handlungsr&#228;ume, Raumphantasien, G&#246;ttingen 2008.
Piola Caselli, Fausto (ed.): Regioni alpine e sviluppo economico: Dualismi e processi d'integrazione (secc. XVIII&#8211;XX), Milan 2003.
Reichler, Claude: Entdeckung einer Landschaft: Reisende, Schriftsteller, K&#252;nstler und ihre Alpen, Z&#252;rich 2005.
Rucki, Isabelle: Das Hotel in den Alpen: Die Geschichte der Oberengadiner Hotelarchitektur von 1860 bis 1914, Z&#252;rich 1989.
Symcox, Geoffrey: Victor Amadeus II.: Absolutism and Savoyard State 1675&#8211;1730, London 1983.
Steininger, Rolf: S&#252;dtirol im 20. Jahrhundert: Vom Leben und &#220;berleben einer Minderheit, Innsbruck 1997.
Tappeiner, Ulrike et al. (ed.): Mapping the Alps: Society &#8211; Economy &#8211; Environment, Heidelberg 2008.
Thompson, Mark: The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front 1915&#8211;1919, London 2008.
Tissot, Laurent: From Alpine Tourism to the "Alpinization" of Tourism, in: Eric G. E. Zuelow (ed.): Touring Beyond the Nation: A Transnational Approach to European Tourism History, Farnham 2011, pp. 59&#8211;78. URL:&#160;<a href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315235998" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315235998</a> [2025-01-02]
Tschofen, Bernhard: Tourismus als Modernisierungsagentur und Identit&#228;tsressource: Das Fallbeispiel des Skilaufs in den &#246;sterreichischen Alpen, in: Geschichte der Alpen 9 (2004), pp. 265&#8211;282. URL:&#160;<a href="http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-10122" rel="noopener" target="_blank">http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-10122</a> [2025-01-02]
Verein f&#252;r B&#252;ndner Kulturforschung (ed.): Handbuch der B&#252;ndner Geschichte, Chur 2000, vol. 1&#8211;4.
Viazzo, Pier Paolo: Upland Communities: Environment, Population and Social Structure in the Alps Since the Sixteenth Century, Cambridge 1989.
Walter, Fran&#231;ois: La montagne alpine: Un dispositif esth&#233;tique et id&#233;ologique &#224; l'&#233;chelle de l'Europe, in: Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine 52 (2005), pp. 64&#8211;87. URL: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/rhmc.522.0064" rel="noopener" target="_blank"> https://doi.org/10.3917/rhmc.522.0064 </a> [2025-01-02]
Wendland, Andreas: Der Nutzen der P&#228;sse und die Gef&#228;hrdung der Seelen: Spanien, Mailand und der Kampf ums Veltlin (1620&#8211;1641), Z&#252;rich 1995.
Werlen, Iwar (ed.): Mehrsprachigkeit im Alpenraum, Aarau 1998.
Wiegand, Hermann: Die Alpen in der lateinischen Dichtung des 16. Jahrhunderts: Mit einem Ausblick, in: Wolfgang Kofler et al. (ed.): Gipfel der Zeit: Berge in Texten aus f&#252;nf Jahrtausenden, Freiburg im Breisgau 2010, pp. 117&#8211;139.
<h3>Notes</h3>
<ol>
<li id="InsertNoteID_0"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_0_marker1">^</a> Zedler, Art. "Alpen, Berge" 1732, p. 1334 ("They are like a wall created by nature, which separates Italy from France and Germany. They stretch over a very long distance from the Ligustian Sea onward through Nice, the Provence, Dauphine, Savoy, Valais, Switzerland, Graub&#252;nden, Tyrol, Trento, Brixen, Salzburg, Carinthia, Carniola, a part of Milan and the Venetian territories; they even appear to reach as far as Serbia..." transl. by N. Williams); Luther, Vorlesung 1895, p. 546; Diderot, Art. "Alpes" 1751, p. 295. On this and Petrarca, see Cuaz, Alpi 2005, p. 11; Bourdon, Voyage 2011, p. 25.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_2"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_2_marker3">^</a> See Bergier, Pour une histoire 1997, particularly the chapter "Le trafic &#224; travers les Alpes et les liaisons transalpines du haut Moyen Age au XVII si&#232;cle", quotation pp. 1&#8211;2.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_4"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_4_marker5">^</a> Danz, Zukunft 1975, vol. 1, p. 149 ("natural, historical, cultural and social entity that was of central importance in people's lives", "But in spite of the at times difficult relationships and connections between the peoples and the political systems, an independent Alpine culture developed, and while the Alps were never a single political entity, the way of life and activities of its populations are characterized by a noticeable similarity" transl. by N. Williams).</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_6"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_6_marker7">^</a> For 1500&#8211;1900: Mathieu, Geschichte 1998, p. 35 (here the numbers have been recalculated for the territory of the Alpine Convention); for 2000, see St&#228;ndiges Sekretariat der Alpenkonvention, Report 2007, p. 36 (national values of 1999&#8211;2005).</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_8"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_8_marker9">^</a> See Greyerz, Religion 2000.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_10"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_10_marker11">^</a> On the western Alps, see Guichonnet, Histoire et Civilisations 1980, vol. 1, pp. 273&#8211;276; Symcox, Victor Amadeus II. 1983, pp. 92&#8211;105; on the central Alps, see Wendland, Veltlin 1995; Verein f&#252;r B&#252;ndner Kulturforschung, Handbuch 2000, vol. 2, pp. 141&#8211;171.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_12"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_12_marker13">^</a> On the eastern Alps, see Dopsch / Spatzenegger, Geschichte Salzburgs, vol. 2, 1st part, pp. 262&#8211;282; subsequently, there were also repeated deportations over a longer period in the Habsburg hereditary lands.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_14"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_14_marker15">^</a> Guichonnet, Histoire et Civilisations 1980, vol. 2, pp. 137&#8211;168; Werlen, Mehrsprachigkeit 1996; Krober, Encyclop&#233;die 2006, pp. 235&#8211;237.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_16"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_16_marker17">^</a> Cuaz, Alpi 2005, pp. 47&#8211;78; Steininger, S&#252;dtirol 1997; Moritsch, K&#228;rntner Slovenen 2000.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_18"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_18_marker19">^</a> Zedler, Art. "Alpen, Berge" 1732, p. 1334 (Styria is missing from the list); [Anonymous], Art. "Alpen" 1885, pp. 401f.; more generally on the formation of political spaces: Mathieu, Geschichte 1998, pp. 19&#8211;24; Krober, Encyclop&#233;die 2006, pp. 179&#8211;183.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_20"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_20_marker21">^</a> Cuaz, Alpi 2005, pp. 79&#8211;96; Thompson, White War 2008.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_22"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_22_marker23">^</a> Guichonnet, Annexion 1982; Peyer, Verfassungsgeschichte 1978, pp. 146f.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_24"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_24_marker25">^</a> CIPRA, CIPRA 1952&#8211;1992 1992; St&#228;ndiges Sekretariat der Alpenkonvention, Alpenkonvention 2010.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_26"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_26_marker27">^</a> The quotation by Brockes can be found in Weiss, Entdeckung 1934, pp. 28f. (Let us make an offering to God / And, to His greater glory, / Sing of the mountains, / Which are so terribly beautiful / That they both delight us / And fill us with awe, / Their size excites us / Their steepness is frightening.); the most comprehensive collection of texts is in Reichler / Ruffieux, Voyage en Suisse 1998.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_28"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_28_marker29">^</a> Joutard, Invention 1986; Bergier, D&#233;couverte 1992; Nicolson, Mountain Gloom 1997; Reichler, Entdeckung einer Landschaft 2005; Mathieu, Alpenwahrnehmung 2005; Wiegand, Lateinische Dichtung 2010.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_30"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_30_marker31">^</a> Mathieu, Dimension 2011, pp. 164&#8211;165; Piatti, Geographie 2008.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_32"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_32_marker33">^</a> Hentschel, Mythos 2002; Mathieu, Staaten 2004; Mathieu, Die Alpen! 2005; Cuaz, Alpi 2005.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_34"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_34_marker35">^</a> Mathieu, Die Alpen! 2005, particularly pp. 55f., 67; Busset, Tourisme 2004; Tissot, Alpine Tourism 2011.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_36"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_36_marker37">^</a> K&#228;lin, Rigi 2012; Ischler Heimatverein, Bad Ischl 1966; Hellmuth, "Erfindung" des Salzkammerguts 2005.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_38"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_38_marker39">^</a> Hoibian, Alpinisme 2008.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_40"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_40_marker41">^</a> Busset, Sport d'hiver 2006; Tschofen, Tourismus 2004.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_44"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_44_marker45">^</a> Furter, Transitverkehr 2010.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_46"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_46_marker47">^</a> Viazzo, Upland Communities 1989; Pfister, Regional Development 2002; Fontaine, Pouvoir 2003; Piola Caselli, Regioni 2003.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_48"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_48_marker49">^</a> Rucki, Hotel 1989, particularly pp. 38f., 109&#8211;115, 185&#8211;213.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_50"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_50_marker51">^</a> Huwyler, Chalet 2011; Pastore, Villagi alpini 2011.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_52"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_52_marker53">^</a> Walter, Montagne 2005; Mathieu, Landschaftsgeschichte 2010; Frei, Globale Transferprozesse [in publication, ongoing dissertation at Lucerne University].</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_54"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_54_marker55">^</a> Boscani Leoni, Wissenschaft 2010; Mathieu, Dimension 2011, pp. 33&#8211;43; on the Alpine "laboratory landscapes" of the 19th century, see Felsch, Laborlandschaften 2007.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_56"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_56_marker57">^</a> See note 26 above.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_58"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_58_marker59">^</a> Mathieu, Dimension 2011, pp. 193&#8211;195.</li>
<li id="InsertNoteID_60"><a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region#InsertNoteID_60_marker61">^</a> Braudel, Mittelmeer 1990, vol. 1, p. 44.</li>
</ol>
 </div>
	<div id="article_metadata"> 
		<div id="license" class="smalltype">
				
					<a class="de" rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.de"><img alt="Creative Commons Lizenzvertrag" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/3.0/80x15.png"></a>
					<a class="en" rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en"><img alt="Creative Commons Lizenzvertrag" style="border-width:0" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/3.0/80x15.png"></a>
				
			 
			Dieser Text ist lizensiert unter
			This text is licensed under: CC by-nc-nd 3.0 Germany - Attribution, Noncommercial, No Derivative Works
		</div>
		<hr>
		
			&#220;bersetzt von:Translated by: Niall Williams 
			Fachherausgeber:Editor: Ruth-Elisabeth Mohrmann

Redaktion:Copy Editor: Claudia Falk

<div class="document-paths-container">
				Eingeordnet unter:Filed under:
					<div class="document-paths">
					
 <div>
 <ul class="path breadcrumbs">
 <li>
 <a href="https://ego-ploneui.uni-trier.de">Home</a>
 </li> 
 <li>
 &#8594;
 en 
 </li>
 <li>
 &#8594;
 Threads 
 </li>
 <li>
 &#8594;
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads">Crossroads</a> 
 </li>
 <li>
 &#8594;
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions">Border Regions</a> 
 </li>
 <li>
 &#8594;
 <a href="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/border-regions/jon-mathieu-the-alpine-region">Alpine Region</a> 
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div> 
 
 </div>
		</div> 
		<hr>
		<div class="relatedItems">
		</div>
			<h3 id="indices">Indices</h3>
		<div id="ddcarea">
			DDC: <a href="/search?DDC=302&amp;portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe" class="ddc"> 302</a> <a class="de" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=302">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a> <a class="en" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=302">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a><a href="/search?DDC=796&amp;portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe" class="ddc"> 796</a> <a class="de" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=796">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a> <a class="en" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=796">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a><a href="/search?DDC=914&amp;portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe" class="ddc"> 914</a> <a class="de" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=914">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a> <a class="en" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=914">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a><a href="/search?DDC=943&amp;portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe" class="ddc"> 943</a> <a class="de" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=943">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a> <a class="en" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=943">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a><a href="/search?DDC=944&amp;portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe" class="ddc"> 944</a> <a class="de" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=944">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a> <a class="en" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=944">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a><a href="/search?DDC=945&amp;portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe" class="ddc"> 945</a> <a class="de" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=945">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a> <a class="en" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=945">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a><a href="/search?DDC=949&amp;portal_type=Site&amp;Title=freigabe" class="ddc"> 949</a> <a class="de" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=949">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a> <a class="en" href="http://deweysearchde.pansoft.de/webdeweysearch/executeSearch.html?query=949">[Info <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"> ]</a>
		</div>
		 
		<div class="geo-links-container"></div>
		<div id="map" style="height:450px;"></div>
		<script src="https://openlayers.org/api/2.13.1/OpenLayers.js"></script>
		<script>
			map = new OpenLayers.Map("map");
			var markers = new OpenLayers.Layer.Markers( "Markers" );
			map.addLayer(markers);
			map.addLayer(new OpenLayers.Layer.OSM()); 
			var fromProjection = new OpenLayers.Projection("EPSG:4326"); // Transform from WGS 1984
			var toProjection = new OpenLayers.Projection("EPSG:900913"); // to Spherical Mercator Projection
			var position = new OpenLayers.LonLat(8.247253,49.992863).transform( fromProjection, toProjection);
			map.setCenter(position, 4 );
		</script>
		<hr>
		<h3>ZitierempfehlungCitation</h3>
		
			Mathieu, Jon: The Alpine Region, in:
			Europ&#228;ische Geschichte Online (EGO),
			hg. vom Leibniz-Institut f&#252;r Europ&#228;ische Geschichte (IEG), Mainz 
			European History Online (EGO),
			published by the Leibniz Institute of European History (IEG), Mainz 
			2017-03-09.
			URL: <a id="primaryurl" href="">https://www.ieg-ego.eu/mathieuj-2013-en</a>
			URN: <a id="primaryurn" href="">urn:nbn:de:0159-2017030604</a> [JJJJ-MM-TT][YYYY-MM-DD].
		
		Bitte setzen Sie beim Zitieren dieses Beitrages hinter der URL-Angabe in Klammern das Datum Ihres letzten Besuchs dieser Online-Adresse ein. Beim Zitieren einer bestimmten Passage aus dem Beitrag bitte zus&#228;tzlich die Nummer des Textabschnitts angeben, z.B. 2 oder 1-4.
		When quoting this article please add the date of your last retrieval in brackets after the url. When quoting a certain passage from the article please also insert the corresponding number(s), for example 2 or 1-4.
		<div id="ppnarea">
			 
			Titelexport ausExport citation from:
			<a title="incl. export options into standard citation formats" href="http://cbsopac.rz.uni-frankfurt.de/DB=2.1/PPNSET?PPN=400438631">HeBIS-Online-KatalogHeBIS Online Catalogue <img class="external_link_icon" src="/_theme/img/external_link_icon.png" alt="external link"></a> 
			
		</div>
		<hr class="double">
		<div class="social-buttons">
			<div class="email-button-container">
				<a href="#" class="email-button social-button">E-MailE-Mail</a>
			</div>
			<div class="recensio-button-container">
				Comment on this entry at recensio.netDiesen Beitrag bei recensio.net kommentieren: 
				<a href="#" class="recensio-button social-button">CommentKommentieren</a>
			</div>
			<div class="tweet-button-container">
			<div class="tweet-2click-dummy"><img src="/_theme/img/dummy_twitter.png" title="Click here to activate Twitter button" alt="Twitter" class="en"><img src="/_theme/img/dummy_twitter.png" title="Hier klicken um den Twitter Button zu aktivieren" alt="Twitter" class="de"></div></div>
			<div class="gplus-button-container">
			<div class="gplus-2click-dummy"><img src="/_theme/img/dummy_gplus.png" title="Click here to activate +1 button" alt="+1" class="en"><img src="/_theme/img/dummy_gplus.png" title="Hier klicken um den +1 Button zu aktivieren" alt="+1" class="de"></div></div>
			<div class="fb-button-container">
			<div class="fb-2click-dummy"><img src="/_theme/img/dummy_facebook_en.png" title="Click here to activate Facebook button" alt="Facebook" class="en"><img src="/_theme/img/dummy_facebook.png" title="Hier klicken um den Facebook Button zu aktivieren" alt="Facebook" class="de"></div></div>
		</div> 
		<div class="clear">&#160;</div> 
	</div>
</div> 
			<div class="grid_2 hyphenate" id="rightsidebar">
				<div id="mediabar">
					<ul>
					</ul>
				</div>
			</div>
			<div class="clear">&#160;</div>
			<div class="grid_9">
				<div id="breadcrumb0" class="breadCrumb module">
				<div id="breadcrumbs-1">
				</div>
				</div>
			</div>	
		</div> 
		<div class="clear">&#160;</div>
		<div id="footer" class="grid_9">
 <ul id="bottommenu" class="smalltype">
				<li class="first">
					<a href="/en/ego">About EGO</a>
				</li>
				<li>
					<a href="/en/ego/contact">Contact</a>
				</li>
				<li>
					<a href="/en/ego/impressum">Legal Details</a>
				</li>
				<li>
					<a href="/en/ego/privacy">Privacy</a>
				</li>
				<li class="last">ISSN 2192-7405</li>
 <li>
 <a id="twitterlogo" href="http://www.twitter.com/ieg_ego"><img width="58" height="20" src="/_theme/img/twitter_button.png" alt="Follow ieg_ego on Twitter" title="Follow ieg_ego on Twitter"></a>
 </li>
 <li class="gplus-2click-dummy" data-url="http://www.ieg-ego.eu">
 <img alt="+1" title="Click here to activate +1 button" src="/_theme/img/dummy_gplus.png">
 </li>
 <li class="fb-2click-dummy" data-url="http://www.ieg-ego.eu">
 <img alt="Facebook" title="Click here to activate Facebook button" src="/_theme/img/dummy_facebook_en.png">
 </li>
 </ul>
 http://www.ieg-ego.eu ISSN 2192-7405
 </div> 
		</div>  
		
			<script src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/js/plugins.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
			
			
			<script src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/js/jquery.scrollUp.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
		<script type="text/javascript" src="https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js">
		{ parsetags: 'explicit' }
		</script>
		<script src="https://www.ieg-ego.eu/_theme/js/ego_global.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
		
		<script type="text/javascript">
			var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || [];
			/* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */
			_paq.push(['trackPageView']);
			_paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);
			(function() {
			var u="https://tcdhpiwik.uni-trier.de/";
			_paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']);
			_paq.push(['setSiteId', '11']);
			var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
			g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
			})();
		</script>
	 
	</body>
</html>

EGO | People , Places , Pages

Actions